Give 3 points to explain the mechanics of breathing which allow a performer to fill the lungs with air during exercise.
-Inspiration caused by lowering air pressure in lungs by increasing volume of lungs.
-Achieved by diaphragm contracting and flattening and intercostal muscles lifting ribs up and out.
-Air moves from area of higher pressure (atmosphere) to area of lower pressure (lungs).
-Opposite occurs for expiration
-Inspiration active process / expiration passive process (when at rest)
300
Give 4 reasons for fitness testing
-To provide the starting point for a training programme.
-To establish athletes strengths and weaknesses.
-To assess if training programmes have worked or not.
-Provide motivation for athletes.
-Used as a training session in itself.
300
State 4 situations when a command style of teaching would be an advantage.
•Good if teacher is limited in experience or confidence.
•Good if activity is complex or dangerous as it allows for lots of control.
•Good for ensuring progress is made.
•Can be better for younger learners or beginners.
•Good when learning situation is bad (little time/space, big group, bad weather etc).
400
Give one mechanical advantage and one mechanical disadvantage of a third class lever system?
Third class lever has a shorter effort arm and a longer resistance arm. This results in a mechanical disadvantage in terms of the amount of weight that can be lifted due to the short effort arm.
However, there is the mechanical advantage of a large range of movement and greater speed of movement due to long resistance arm.
400
Long term endurance training leads to cardiac hypertrophy. Describe how this affects stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output
Stroke volume increases, resting cardiac output remains the same (no need for this to increase at rest) and resting heart rate decreases.
400
Describe 4 characteristics of alveoli that make them an efficient respiratory surface.
-Permeability of alveoli and capillary cell walls
-Short distance from alveoli to capillary
-Readiness of haemoglobin to combine with oxygen
-Diffusion gradient caused by differences in partial pressures
-Large surface area of alveoli
-Slow movement of blood through capillaries
-Moisture layer enhances uptake of oxygen
400
Name and explain 4 criteria that fitness tests must fulfil in order to generate meaningful results
•Applicable to sport – tests must mimic the actual sport and be a replication of the movements involved.
•Valid – tests must test only what they are meant to test and not be affected by other factors (e.g. 20m sprint greatly affected by reaction time). If a test is not sport specific it is unlikely to be valid.
•Reliable – test results must be repeatable.
•Accurate – test must be able to be measured accurately. Inaccurate results to a test lead to scores which are not valid.
•Sufficiently sensitive to detect changes in fitness.
400
Name and define 9 types of feedback.
1.Intrinsic – feeback that comes from proprioceptors within the body (internal feeback).
2.Extrinsic – Feedback which the performer receives from an outside source (e.g. coach).
3.Terminal – Information about a performance received after completion of the movement.
4.Concurrent – Information about a performance which is received during the movement (can be intrinsic or extrinsic).
5.Delayed - Feedback given some time after the event.
6.Positive – Praise and acknowledgement of a correct or successful action.
7.Negative – External information about how a movement was incorrect or could be improved.
8.Knowledge of results (KR) – feedback about how successful the skill was.
9.Knowledge of performance (KP) – Information about how the skill was performed, regardless of the outcome.
500
Describe the joint actions and main agonists acting around the shoulder joint during the withdrawal phase and throwing phase for an athlete throwing a javelin.
During withdrawal phase the joint action is horizontal hyperextension with the main agonist being the posterior deltoids.
During the throwing phase the joint action is horizontal flexion and the main agonists are the anterior deltoids and pectorals.
500
Give 5 points to explain how the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN) control the increase in heart rate during exercise.
Impulse for cardiac contraction initiated by SAN.
SAN found in wall of right atrium.
SAN sets heart’s rhythm and also known as pacemaker.
SAN causes atria to contract.
Impulse passes to AVN.
Then travels down septum in the Bundle of His.
Reaches tip of ventricle and branches out through purkinje fibres.
Delay in the impulse before AVN causes ventricles to contract.
Heart rate controlled by autonomic nervous system.
Parasympathetic branch decreases HR via vagus nerve.
Sympathetic branch increases HR via sympathetic nerve.
500
Describe the movement of gases at the alveoli and at the muscle cells explaining why this movement occurs (give at least 5 points).
At alveoli:
- Oxygen moves from alveoli into bloodstream.
- Partial pressure (concentration) of O2 is high in alveoli due to high concentration of O2 in atmosphere.
- Low PO2 in bloodstream as it has been used by working muscles.
- Oxygen moves along a concentration gradient, from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
- Carbon dioxide moves in opposite direction as PCO2 is high in bloodstream as it is produced by working muscles and PCO2 is low in alveoli as it is low in air breathed in.
- Opposite to all this occurs at the muscle cells.
500
Name 7 components of fitness and the fitness test associated with each.
Power - standing broad jump
Coordination - Anderson ball catch test
Reaction time - ruler test
Agility - Illinois agility test
Balance - stork stand
Speed - 20m sprint test
Strength - grip dynamometer
Stamina - multi stage fitness test or cooper 12min run
Muscular endurance - sit up test
Flexibility - sit and reach test
500
Define the ‘part’ method of practice and give 4 advantages of using this method.
•Def: Skill is taught in broken down parts.
•Allows complex skills or routines to be learned more easily.
•Allows performer to work on specific aspects of the skill.
•Allows the performer to build confidence in complex skills.
•Can eliminate some areas of danger (in activities such as gymnastics).
•Builds confidence through staged success.