Cancer Genetics
A tumor that remains at initial site is considered _______.
Benign
Name a type of epigenetic regulation discussed.
DNA methylation, histone modification, functional/noncoding/regulatory RNAs
Define gene, locus, and allele. What are their differences?
A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for an mRNA transcript/protein. A locus is the specific location of a chromosome where the gene is found. An allele is one variation of a gene. Genes often have multiple different variations with slight differences in nucleotide sequence.
Phylogenies historically have been created using ________ data but researchers have shifted into using genetic data due to greater accuracy.
Morphological
The unregulated growth and division of cells is also called what?
Cancer.
Jk, the real hard question is:
Why is it that we refer to oncogenes as dominant-acting while tumor suppressors are repressive-acting?
What term describes tumor cells migrating within the body?
Metastasis
Repeats of cytosine and guanine dinucleotides that are typically targets of DNA methylation.
CpG islands
Name an assumption of Hardy-Weinberg theorem.
No mutation
Random mating
No migration
Infinite population size
No natural selection
Evolution in which a single lineage changes over time essentially becoming a new species.
Anagenesis
Changes in gene expression or phenotype that do not involve changing the sequence of DNA
Epigenetics.
Jk, the real hard question is:
Can you explain why induced pluripotent stem cells can only differentiate into specific cell types while embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell?
Accumulation of mutations in tumors, through cell divisions, is called __________.
Clonal evolution
A form of histone modification that is associated with gene activation.
Histone acetylation
_________ occurs when unlike individuals prefer to mate with each other. This is an example of a violation of which assumption of HW?
Negative assortative mating; violates the assumption of random mating.
The hypothesis that states that most mutations are neither beneficial, nor detrimental.
Neutral-mutation hypothesis
What is the study of allelic and genotypic frequencies and how they change within populations?
Population genetics
Jk, the real hard question is:
Why do we use the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? What does it tell us about evolution of loci?
Name a protein implicated in cancer development.
p53, Rb, Ras, p21, HER2, VEGF, etc.
Of the 3 main types of epigenetic regulation discussed in class, which does Xist fall under?
Functional/noncoding/regulatory RNA
Inbreeding depression
Reproductive barriers that prevent proper mating from occurring so that the zygote never forms.
Prezygotic barriers
The branch of genetics interested in how species evolve over time is referred to as what?
Evolutionary genetics
Jk, the real hard question is:
How do population genetics and evolution relate if population genetics studies changes in populations while evolution is focused on changes in species and lineages?
Proteins that are necessary for progression of the cell cycle. _______ maintain stable concentrations throughout the cell cycle while _______ rise and fall in concentration.
Cdk's; cyclins
This term describes epigenetic changes of an allele imposed by another allele at the same locus.
Paramutation
When an allele reaches a frequency of 1 (100%) within the population.
Fixation
Traits that are found in two different species through shared ancestry (e.g. the wing of a bat and front leg of a cat) are _______.
Homologous
-1000 points, go to jail.
Jk, no time limit to this question but it is worth 0 points:
Which genetics topic or fact did you find most interesting?