Speciation
Speciation II
Early Earth
Prokaryotes
Miscellaneous
100
Describe a species
What is related organisms that can reproduce and have FERTILE offspring
100
This is macroevolution
What is evolution above the species level
100
Describe why the fossil record is incomplete
What is soft-bodied organisms and bacteria hard to preserve, haven't observed all the fossils, some have been destroyed
100
These are three characteristics of prokaryotes
What is unicellular, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleoid, single loop of DNA, plasmids
100
What is a protist?
What is unicellular/multicellular eukaryotes. Lack tissues and organs. Variety of nutrient obtainment methods.
200
What are three examples of prezygotic reproductive isolation?
What is temporal, behavioral, gametic, mechanical, ecological, geographical
200
This is the offspring between two different species
What is hybrid
200
Describe relative dating
What is using the fossil's position in the strata to determine its age
200
Why is the gram-stain test important
What is allows for doctors to know what type of antibiotic to use, identify particular bacterium
200
Describe adaptive radiation
What is rapid speciation to fill empty niches. It has happened after each mass extinction.
300
What is the postzygotic barrier that involves the hybrid being strong but infertile?
What is reduced hybrid fertility
300
Describe hybrid breakdown
What is first generation of hybrids are strong and fertile, but second generation of hybrids are feeble
300
The half-life of carbon-14 is 70,000 years. If there was originally 100 g. of carbon-14 in a fossil, and now there is only 25 g, how old is the fossil?
What is 140,000 years. 100 to 50 g is the first half-life= 70,000 years. 50 g divided in half is 25 g= another 70,000 years, which in total is 140,000 years
300
What are 3 reasons why bacteria are important?
What is food, bioremediation, disease, fermentation, nitrogen fixation, etc.
300
Describe heterochrony
What is evolutionary change in the rate or timing of development
400
This is the type of speciation that involves the physical separation of a population and over time they become two or more distinct species
What is allopatric speciation
400
Describe how sympatric speciation might occur
What is polyploidy, sexual selection, and habitat differentiation (explain better than I did!)
400
How many mass extinctions have there been? Why do scientists feel a 6th one is occurring now?
What is 5, human actions
400
What are the three ways that bacteria can genetically recombine? Describe them
What is transduction, transformation, conjugation
400
Describe the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins
What is endotoxins are released when cell dies. Exotoxins are secreted while the cells are living
500
Describe gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
What is gradual changes over a long period of time vs. short bursts of rapid change with periods of unchanging
500
Describe the three outcomes of a hybrid zone with an example. Use the same example organisms for all three.
What is 1. reinforcement. Reproductive isolation continues to occur, hybrid numbers are reduced, and the two species get to the point where they no longer interbreed. An example would be the brown bear and polar bear no longer forming grolar bears where their ranges overlap. 2. Stabilization. Brown bears and polar bears continue to form hybrids at a constant number. 3. Fusion. Brown bears and polar bears cease to exist as distinct species any more. Instead, there is only the grolar bear.
500
What are the 4 components to the early earth hypothesis?
What is monomers, polymers, self-replicating molecules, protocells
500
Describe nitrogen fixation
What is important process that "fixes" atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), a form usable by other organisms.
500
Describe primary and secondary endosymbiosis
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