studies
stats
ethics
child abuse
Potpourri
100
The following is an example of what type of study: Does exposure to X (say, smoking) correlate with outcome Y (say, lung cancer)? This study will recruit a group of smokers and a group of non-smokers (the unexposed group) and follow them for a set period of time and note differences in the incidence of lung cancer between the groups at the end of this time.
What is Cohort Study
100
This statistical measure refers to how accurately it diagnoses a particular disease without giving false-positive results. For example, if the Western blot test shows HIV, then HIV is very likely to be present in the person being tested (true positive), and the result is not likely to be due to some error in the test. This statistical term is?
What is specificity
100
True or False All states require reporting child abuse?
What is True
100
Name the 4 different categories of Pediatric abuse
What is physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect.
100
What type of study is the follwoing: A specific group is looked at to see if a substance or activity, say smoking, is related to the health effect being investigated--for example, lung cancer. If a significantly greater number of smokers already have lung cancer than those who don't smoke, this would support the hypothesis that lung cancer is correlated with smoking.
What is Cross sectional study (observational study)
200
The following is an example of what type of study: This study provides a "snapshot" of the frequency and characteristics of a disease in a population at a particular point in time. This type of data can be used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions in a population. However, since exposure and disease status are measured at the same point in time, it may not always be possible to distinguish whether the exposure preceded or followed the disease.
What is Cross sectional study (observational study)
200
What is the positive predictive value of the following study: In a study of patients in a network of sentinel practices in Belgium, 386 patients presented with rectal bleeding. These patients were followed from 18 to 30 months and 27 of them developed colorectal cancer. The positive predictive value is?
What is (The positive predictive value for rectal bleeding is ) 27 / 386 = 7%.
200
Resuscitating a drowning victim, providing vaccinations for the general population, encouraging a patient to quit smoking and start an exercise program, talking to the community about STD prevention. These are all actions by a physician to provide what act?
What is beneficent actions
200
Which of following is not a risk factor for child abuse: Poverty, Foster child, Premature child, Red hair, Member of cults, or child of multiple births.
What is Red Hair
200
In a clinic, 500 patients with suspected chlamydial genital tract infection are tested. In our unrealistic round number clinic, 100 are true positives, and 400 are true negative. The lab test is positive in 95 of the 100 positives, and is negative in 380 of the 400 negatives. What is the negative predictive value?
The negative predictive value is 926 / (926 + 16) = 98.3%
300
This study design randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group. As the study is conducted, the only expected difference between the control and experimental groups is the outcome variable being studied. What type of study is this?
What is Randomized controlled trial (experimental study)
300
In a clinic, 500 patients with suspected chlamydial genital tract infection are tested. In our unrealistic round number clinic, 100 are true positives, and 400 are true negative. The lab test is positive in 95 of the 100 positives, and is negative in 380 of the 400 negatives. The sensitivity is?
The sensitivity [see the previous truth table] is 95 / (95 + 5) = 95%
300
A physicians stops a medication that is shown to be harmful, refusing to provide a treatment that has not been shown to be effective. What type of act is this?
What is non-maleficent actions.
300
Name some physical exam findings seen in shaken baby syndrome
What is 1.Retinal hemorrhages, recognizing that a few posterior pole hemorrhages as opposed to extensive multilayered hemorrhages, may not signify abuse in and of themselves Intracranial trauma (particularly subdural hemorrhage) 2.Diffuse axonal injury 3.Secondary cerebral edema 4.Fractures of the posterior and anterolateral ribs or metaphyses of long bones (eg, tibia, humerus)
300
True or False 16 year old can have breast surgery (augmentation) without consent?
What is False
400
This study looks at a group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined period (e.g., are born, are exposed to a drug or a vaccine, etc.). Thus a group of people who were born on a day or in a particular period, say 1948 and followed many years.
What is Cohort Study
400
in a clinic, 500 patients with suspected chlamydial genital tract infection are tested. In our unrealistic round number clinic, 100 are true positives, and 400 are true negative. The lab test is positive in 95 of the 100 positives, and is negative in 380 of the 400 negatives. The specificity is ?
What is specificity is 380 / (380 + 20) = 95%
400
Presenting all treatment options to a patient, explaining risks in terms that a patient understands, ensuring that a patient understands the risks and agrees to all procedures before going into surgery. This is an example of a physician promoting what?
What is patient autonomy
400
What is the difference between 1st and 2nd degree burns?
2nd degree burns have blisters present (Epidermis plus dermis)
400
Sexually abused children are at risk for?
What is occurrences of the following: Eating disorders Suicidal behaviors Self-injury May be at increased risk of reabuse.
500
Assign patients to either placebo or medication, asses for single outcome. This type of study is best described as?
What is Randomized controlled trial.
500
in a clinic, 500 patients with suspected chlamydial genital tract infection are tested. In our unrealistic round number clinic, 100 are true positives, and 400 are true negative. The lab test is positive in 95 of the 100 positives, and is negative in 380 of the 400 negatives. What is the positive predictive value?
The positive predictive value is 309 / (309 + 49) = 86.3%
500
What is required in informed consent?
In order to meet the broadest definition of informed consent, the following are required: 1. Competence – the ability for the patient to understand and make decisions. Assessing patient competence in making autonomous decisions will be introduced during Brain, Mind, and Behavior. 2. Disclosure – the doctor shares information and advice that are necessary for the patient to make an informed decision about medical treatment. Physicians should share: the nature of the proposed intervention(s) expected benefits, risks, and likely consequences of proposed action (including emotional and social consequences) alternatives to the proposed intervention along with the benefits, risks, and likely consequences (alternatives that other reasonable physicians would recommend) recommendations, opinions, and advice. Physician recommendation and advice are often essential for patients to make sound decisions. This is the key part of informed consent. The amount of information shared should be sufficient for the patient to understand the decision. Patients do not need to become medically savvy or gain medical knowledge like a physician. The physician must explain the information in simple terms yet convey the benefits and risks of the intervention enough so that the patient can decide if the benefits outweigh the risks. Physicians should elicit and answer all patient questions. 3. Understanding – the patient not only receives the information, but must also understand the implications of what the doctor has shared. It is important to remember that patients are often in emotional states that limit or impair understanding and rational decision-making so it is the doctor’s duty to facilitate this understanding. 4. Voluntariness – the patient makes the decision while free of coercion, persuasion, or manipulation 5. Consent – the patient agrees to participate in the discussed treatment plans and gives consent for necessary procedures
500
Of the following which is not associated with sexual abuse: Nonintact hymen, Dilatation of anal sphincter, bruising of the inner thigh, or chlamydia infection.
What is Nonintact hymen
500
Ehics in research ensures what 4 tenets.
What is 1. PArticipats are informed of study's nature 2. Participants are voluntary 3. Benefits of study outweighs the risks of study 4. Risks and benefits evenly distributed to subjects of study.
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