Developmental Psych
Who created the 3 stages of moral development theory?
Lawrence Kolberg
What are the 4 "D"s of a psychological disorder?
Deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
Explain the bystander effect.
Bystanders are less willing to help if there are other bystanders around.
Give an example of an external hunger cue.
See someone else eating, pass a table of desserts, clock says it is time for lunch.
What is the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study?
Cross-sectional study different groups at the same point in time. Longitudinal studies the same group over a long period of time.
What are the four styles of parenting?
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Neglectful
Which approach to treatment is in favor of using medications to alter serotonin levels in patients?
Biological or biomedical
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
People want to have consistent attitudes and behaviors….when they are not they experience dissonance (unpleasant tension). Usually. makes people change their attitude, not their behavior.
What is approach-approach conflict?
When we have 2 desirable choices but can only choose 1.
Operationally define school spirit.
The amount of events students attend, etc.
In which stage of cognitive development did Piaget think children began to think logically?
Concrete operational stage
Explain Freud's psychoanalytic approach to therapy.
He believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences- and the therapist’s interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings
What are 3 factors that increase conformity?
Size of the group, difficulty of task and status of the majority group
What are the 3 theories of emotions?
James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory and Schachter- Singer theory
These people study ways to improve work productivity and job satisfaction.
Industrial-organizational psychologists
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
Assimilation deals with keeping existing knowledge and schemas intact and finding a new place to store information but accommodation involves actually changing one’s existing knowledge of a topic.
How does aversive conditioning work?
Associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
How does the mere exposure effect relate to attraction?
Repeated exposure to something breeds liking like with food brands.
What are the 5 traits in the Big Five Theory of personality
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?
Random sampling refers to how you select individuals from the population to participate in your study. Random assignment refers to how you place those participants into groups.
Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of what 3 things?
A combination of genetics, prenatal hormones and social influences.
Explain the diathesis-stress approach to psychological disorders.
Disorders are a result of predisposed, biological factors triggered by the environment.
Explain and give an example of the social exchange theory.
The idea that our social behavior
is an exchange process, which
we maximize benefits and
minimize costs. ex. donating blood
What are some criticisms of Freud's theories of personality?
Only studied wealthy women in Austria, hard to verify results, not predictive, he's sexist.
What are the 5 ethical guidelines for human research?
No coercion - must be voluntary, Informed consent, Anonymity, No significant risk/ harm, Must debrief