Research Methods
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Hindsight Bias
Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on observational learning & influence in the Socio-Cognitive Perspective
Albert Bandura
A measurement of a score's relationship to the mean
Z Score
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Shaping
The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides moral standards and judgments.
Superego
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Independent Variable
Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines.
Solomon Asch
Drugs that mimic neurotransmitters
Agonists
Taking something away to increase the likeliness of the behavior repeating
Negative Reinforcement
A method of exploring the unconscious by having a person relax and say whatever comes to mind
Free Association
Experimental results caused by expectations alone
Placebo Effect
Studied attachment in infants using the "strange situation" model. Label infants "secure", "insecure" (etc.) in attachment
Mary Ainsworth
Hypothesis that our language shapes our thinking
Linguistic Relativity
The processing of information into the memory system
Encoding
Redirecting one's feelings toward another person or object
Displacement
The perception of a relationship where none exists
Illusory Correlation
Created concept of "universal grammar"; pointed out how children "overgeneralize" language rules and the concepts of "deep v. surface" structures in language
Noam Chomsky
Tendency to overestimate how much others agree with us
False Consensus Effect
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Schemas
Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels; act contrary to true feelings in order to keep feelings hidden
Reaction Formation
Often expressed as r value, indicates a measure of the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables.
Correlation Coefficient (closer to +1 or -1 = stronger relationship)
Studied taste aversion in rats; led to knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned
John Garcia
Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs - a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors.
Tardive Dyskinesia
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
Proactive Interferance
Channeling one's frustration toward socially acceptable behavior (like aggressive impulses in contact sports)
Sublimation