Chemical Bonds
How many protons does Fluorine (F) have?
9 (Atomic Number)
What are the monomers of proteins?
Bonus: What bond holds them together?
Amino acids
Bond: Covalent peptide bonds
What does osmosis transport?
Bonus: Is osmosis active or passive transport?
Water
Bonus: Passive
Ribosomes
What are the 4 Key Characteristics of Water
1) Cohesion/Adhesion
2) Expands upon Freezing3
3) Ability to moderate temperature (high heat capacity)
4) Universal Solvent
What are the major elements of life?
- C (Carbon)
- H (Hydrogen)
- O (Oxygen)
- N (Nitrogen)
- Also important: P (Phosphorus) and S (Sulfur)
An unsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with at least one double bond.
True or False: It requires ATP to move a substance from areas of high to low concentration.
False: It requires ATP to move a substance UP/AGAINST the concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
What are the 3 Core Principles of Cell Theory?
1) All organisms are made of cells.
2) The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
3) Cells come from pre-existing cells.
True or False: Eukaryotes lack a nucleus and have no membrane bound organelles.
False: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and have no membrane bound organelles.
What is an isotope?
Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons (identity) but different numbers of neutrons (weight).
A pyrimidine base is a single ringed nitrogenous base that is C U (RNA) or T (DNA).
Passive transport involving moving down a concentration gradient through a channel or carrier protein.
Describe the function of the golgi apparatus.
Acts like a post office: Receives proteins/lipids from the ER. Sorts, modifies, and packages them to other organelles.
- Cis and trans side.
What is exocytosis?
Exocytosis is the process where contents are released from cell interior (brought from inside cell to outside) through membranous vesicles.
What is electronegativity?
Electronegativity is an inherent characteristic of an element that describes how much it attracts electrons to itself. "Pull" on an electron trends stronger as you go up and to the right on a periodic table.
What are the 4 components of an amino acid?
- Alpha (central) Carbon bonded to Hydrogen
- Carboxyl group
- Amine group
- Functional group (R)
Describe what happens to the cell in the following:
- Hypertonic (exterior)
- Isotonic
- Hypotonic (exterior)
Hypertonic: Cell shrinks (net water movement out of cell)
Isotonic: Cell stays the same (no net water movement)
Hypotonic: Cell swells (net water movement into the cell)
What 3 organelles are not part of the endomembrane system?
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Peroxisomes
What is attached to the 2' carbon on an RNA's pentose sugar?
OH (hydroxyl group)
Rank the Following Bonds from Weakest to Strongest
Ionic, Hydrogen, Covalent, Van der Waals
Van der Waals, Hydrogen, Ionic, Covalent
Name the 4 monomers of the following macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
Carb: Monosaccharide
Lipid: N/A (diverse, property based)
Nucleic Acid: Nucleotide
Protein: Amino acid
Where on the membrane would you find an integral vs. peripheral protein?
Integral: Spanning the membrane (integrated inside the membrane)
Peripheral: Temporarily associated with either side of the membrane.
What does it mean to be amphipathic? Where is this property fundamental in a cell?
Amphipathic means containing both hydrophilic (water loving) and hydrophobic (water hating) regions.
- Forms the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane --> Crucial in maintaining homeostasis.
Give the basic formula of a carbohydrate.
CH2O