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A drop of food coloring spreads throughout a glass of water without being stirred. What process explains this movement?
Diffusion
What molecule stores much of the chemical energy captured during photosynthesis?
Glucose
What process breaks down glucose to release energy, typically using oxygen for its aerobic stages?
Cellular respiration
Which cell structure controls what enters and leaves the cell?
Cell membrane
What is the main energy-carrying molecule used by cells?
ATP
A red blood cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytoplasm. What happens to the cell?
It shrinks
A plant receives plenty of light and water but very little carbon dioxide. Which stage is most directly limited?
Calvin cycle
What stage of cellular respiration breaks glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
A cell has an unusually high number of mitochondria. What is the most reasonable conclusion?
A. It likely has high energy demands.
B. It must be performing photosynthesis.
C. It cannot survive without a cell wall.
D. It stores most of its genetic information in mitochondria.
A. It likely has high energy demands.
What type of energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose?
Chemical energy
Oxygen moves directly through the cell membrane from high to low concentration. Which statement best explains this process?
A. Oxygen uses ATP to cross the membrane.
B. Oxygen crosses by simple diffusion without ATP.
C. Oxygen requires a protein pump to cross.
D. Oxygen moves by endocytosis.
B. Oxygen crosses by simple diffusion without ATP.
A chemical damages the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts. Which process is directly affected?
A. The breakdown of glucose during glycolysis.
B. The release of stored energy from glucose during cellular respiration.
C. The Calvin cycle's use of carbon dioxide only.
D. The light-dependent reactions that produce ATP and NADPH.
D. The light-dependent reactions that produce ATP and NADPH.
During intense exercise, muscle cells have insufficient oxygen. Which process helps glycolysis continue producing ATP?
A. The Calvin cycle, which produces glucose.
B. The electron transport chain, which requires no oxygen.
C. Photosynthesis, which replenishes ATP.
D. Lactic acid fermentation, which regenerates NAD⁺.
D. Lactic acid fermentation, which regenerates NAD⁺
Which organelle contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
A student claims plants do not need cellular respiration because they make their own glucose. Which response is correct?
A. Plants use photosynthesis to produce all the ATP they need.
B. Plants use cellular respiration to transfer energy from glucose into ATP.
C. Plants only perform cellular respiration when sunlight is unavailable.
D. Plants use glucose directly for every cellular activity without breaking it down.
B. Plants use cellular respiration to transfer energy from glucose into ATP.
Glucose moves through a membrane protein from high to low concentration without energy. Name the process.
Facilitated diffusion
Which stage of photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH to help build sugar?
Calvin cycle
Yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide while breaking down sugar without oxygen. Name the process.
Alcoholic fermentation
A researcher finds a cell with a nucleus and mitochondria but no cell wall or chloroplasts. Which conclusion is best supported?
A. It is an animal cell.
B. It is a bacterial cell.
C. It is a plant cell that cannot photosynthesize.
D. It is a prokaryotic cell with specialized organelles.
A. It is an animal cell.
What molecule remains when ATP loses its terminal phosphate group?
ADP
A mutation damages membrane proteins, but the phospholipid bilayer remains intact. Which process could still occur normally?
A. Glucose transport through a carrier protein
B. Ion transport through a protein pump
C. Oxygen crossing by simple diffusion
D. Movement of large particles by endocytosis
C. Oxygen crossing by simple diffusion
Scientists provide a plant with carbon dioxide containing labeled carbon atoms. Later, they detect those atoms in glucose. What does this show?
A. Oxygen from water becomes the carbon in glucose.
B. Carbon dioxide supplies carbon atoms used to build glucose.
C. Chlorophyll changes into glucose during the light reactions.
D. ATP supplies all the atoms needed to make glucose.
B. Carbon dioxide supplies carbon atoms used to build glucose.
A poison blocks the mitochondrial electron transport chain. What is the most likely effect?
A. Glycolysis immediately stops because it occurs inside mitochondria.
B. Fermentation produces more ATP per glucose than aerobic respiration.
C. ATP production decreases substantially, although glycolysis can still produce some ATP.
D. ATP production increases because electrons accumulate.
C. ATP production decreases substantially, although glycolysis can still produce some ATP.
A plant cell has functioning chloroplasts but severely damaged mitochondria. Which statement best explains why the cell may still struggle to function?
A. It cannot capture any light energy.
B. It can make glucose but may have difficulty producing ATP through aerobic respiration.
C. It cannot absorb water because mitochondria control osmosis.
D. It will immediately stop making glucose because photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria.
B. It can make glucose but may have difficulty producing ATP through aerobic respiration.
A scientist observes glucose and oxygen being consumed while carbon dioxide and water are produced by a cell. Which process best explains these observations?
A. Photosynthesis, because it uses oxygen to build glucose
B. Cellular respiration, because it breaks down glucose using oxygen
C. Fermentation, because it requires oxygen to release carbon dioxide
D. Osmosis, because it moves glucose across the membrane
B. Cellular respiration, because it breaks down glucose using oxygen.