Phonetics and Phonology
Pitch
Tempo
Volume
Intonation
Stress
Prosodic Features
Noun, Pronoun
Verb, Auxiliary Verb, Modal Verb
Preposition
Determiner
Interjection
Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Word Classes
root, stem
free, bound
affix (prefix, suffix, infix)
inflectional, derivational
Types of Morphemes
declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamative
Sentence Types
broadening, narrowing, shift
elevation, deterioration
denotation, changing connotation
Semantic Change Processes
Elision
Insertion
Assimilation
Vowel Reduction
Connected Speech Processes
Give more information about a noun, including it’s number, definiteness or possession.
Eg. his, this, a
Determiner
affixation
abbreviation
shortening
compounding
blending
backformation
conversion of word class
initialism, acronym
contraction
Word Formation Processes
sentence fragments; simple, compound, complex, compound-complex
Sentence Structures
whispers, laughter
Vocal Effects
Refers to patterns of pitch.
Rising pitch can indicate a question.
Falling pitch can indicate the end of a statement.
Intonation
Give the position of a term, and show the relation of a noun to another part of the sentence.
Eg. ‘up’ in [She climbed up the ladder]
Preposition
Can stand alone as words, but add their meaning to a root or stem when added through affixation
Eg. -able in ‘applicable’
Free Morpheme
noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase
Phrases
gestures, facial expressions, eye contact
Non-Verbal Communication
When a sound changes to become similar to neighbouring sounds
Eg. [kitten] pronounced as [kidden]
Eg. [did you] pronounced as [didja]
Assimilation
Connect an independent clause to a dependant clause.
Eg. However, also, additionally
Subordinating Conjunctions
Added to root and stem words to form a new word with a new semantic meaning.
Eg. [un] added to [happy] creates the new word [unhappy]
Derivational Morpheme
Words, phrases or clauses that provide additional information about the time, place or manner of a sentence element
Tell us the when, where, or how something has been done
Eg. I watched a new movie [last night]
Adverbial
creakiness, breathiness
Paralinguistic Features
The omission of a sound in a word.
Eg. [‘cos] instead of [because]
Eg. [wanna] instead of [want to]
Elision
Connect two independent clauses.
Eg. For, And, Not/Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
Coordinating Conjunctions
The process of changing the word class of a term by adding suffixes.
Eg. ‘Participate’ (v) to ‘Participation’ (n)
Eg. ‘Email’ (n) to ‘Emailed’ (past tense v)
Conversion of Word Class
What is written or said about the subject within a sentence
Predicate
vocal effects, including whispers, laughter
non-verbal communication, including gestures, facial expressions, eye contact
creakiness, breathiness
Paralinguistic Features