CELL ENERGY & PROCESSES
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
What is the chloroplast?
A segment of DNA that codes for a trait.
What is a gene?
The shape of DNA is called this
What is a double helix?
The process by which organisms better adapted survive and reproduce.
What is natural selection?
Organisms that cannot make their own food.
What are consumers?
Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic uses oxygen and makes more ATP anaerobic does not.
Distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes
Homozygous = same alleles; heterozygous = different alleles
Compare DNA and RNA.
DNA = double‑stranded, thymine; RNA = single‑stranded, uracil.
Compare artificial selection and natural selection.
Compare artificial selection and natural selection.
Compare mutualism and parasitism.
Mutualism = both benefit; parasitism = one benefits, one harmed.
Explain why ATP is considered the energy currency of the cell.
It stores and releases energy for cellular processes.
A heterozygous (Bb) parent crosses with a homozygous recessive (bb). Predict the phenotype ratio.
50% dominant trait, 50% recessive trait.
Explain the role of mRNA in protein synthesis.
It carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes
Explain how genetic variation increases a population’s survival.
More variation means more traits that may help survival.
Explain why energy decreases at higher trophic levels.
Energy is lost as heat and used for life processes.
Predict what happens to a plant if its stomata remain closed all day.
Gas exchange decreases, slowing photosynthesis.
Explain how incomplete dominance differs from codominance.
Incomplete = blended traits codominance = both traits fully show.
Predict the effect of a point mutation on a protein.
It may change one amino acid, altering protein function.
Predict what happens to a population if the environment changes rapidly.
Those with beneficial traits survive; others decline.
Predict the impact of removing a keystone species.
Ecosystem becomes unstable; other populations shift.
Evaluate how mitochondria and chloroplasts support the flow of energy in ecosystems.
Chloroplasts capture energy mitochondria release it for use.
Evaluate how nondisjunction during meiosis can affect offspring.
It can cause disorders like trisomy due to extra chromosomes.
Evaluate why protein shape is critical for its function.
Shape determines how it interacts with other molecules.
Evaluate how fossil evidence supports evolution.
Shows gradual changes in species over time.
Evaluate how biodiversity contributes to ecosystem resilience.
More species = more stability and adaptability.