Fitness
The total reproductive success of a genotype.
What is absolute fitness?
Selection that consistently favors one allele over another.
What is directional selection?
Random changes in allele frequencies that have the strongest effects in small populations.
What is genetic drift?
The movement of alleles between populations through migration.
What is gene flow?
The formula used to calculate absolute fitness from viability and fertility. (Write it out or verbally explain!)
What is W = V*F?
The probability that an individual survives to reproductive age.
What is viability?
Selection in which the heterozygote has higher fitness than either homozygote.
What is heterozygote advantage?
When one allele reaches a frequency of 1.0 in a population.
What is fixation?
The proportion of individuals in a population that are migrants.
What is m?
Relative fitness is found by dividing a genotype’s absolute fitness by this value
What is the highest absolute fitness?
The average number of offspring per individual that survive to reproductive maturity.
What is fertility?
Selection in which the heterozygote has lower fitness than either homozygote
What is heterozygote disadvantage?
When Nes < 1, this force usually has a stronger effect than natural selection
What is genetic drift?
A migration model where migrants can come from any population.
What is the island model?
This equation predicts the allele frequency after migration between two populations:(write it out or verbally explain!)
q'A=(1-m)qA+mqB
What is the gene flow equation?
A genotype’s fitness compared with the genotype that has the highest fitness.
What is relative fitness?
Selection where a genotype’s fitness depends on how common or rare it is in the population.
What is frequency-dependent selection?
The gradual buildup of harmful mutations in a small population that can reduce fitness.
What is mutational meltdown?
A migration model where individuals mainly move between neighboring populations.
What is the stepping-stone model?
This statistic is calculated using:
FST= 1- HS/HT
What is FST?
The three requirements for natural selection are variation, heritability, and differences in this.
What is survival and reproduction?
This type of selection favors rare alleles, such as in plant self-incompatibility systems
What is negative frequency-dependent selection?
This value measures how genetically different populations are from one another.
What is FST?
This quantity, mN, represents the number of migrants entering a population each generation.
What is the number of migrants per generation?
Under the island model, this equation relates genetic differentiation to migration:
FST=1/4mN+1
What is the island-model FST equation?