19th Century China
This dynasty ruled China around 1800.
the Qing Dynasty
Taoists believed harmony could best be achieved through closeness to this.
nature
The Manchu government attempted this policy to limit foreign influence and contact.
The closed door policy
The immediate trigger for war came after Britain refused to hand over British sailors accused of murder because Britain claimed this legal principle
extraterritoriality
Why is the Treaty of Nanjing often called an “unequal treaty"?
Because it mainly benefited Britain and forced China to give up rights and accept unfair conditions.
These activities were popular forms of entertainment in Qing China.
storytelling, opera, festivals, or drama
This philosophy believed strict laws and harsh punishments were necessary to maintain order.
Legalism
Chinese people often referred to Europeans using this insulting term.
barbarians” or “foreign devils”
Britain and China clashed diplomatically because Britain believed nations should interact through diplomacy between equals, while China believed foreign nations should behave like this type of state
Tribute state
What was the Mandate of Heaven?
The belief that Heaven gave emperors the right to rule as long as they governed well and maintained order.
A common misconception is that China lacked this around 1800.
technology/innovation
A society ruled entirely by Legalism would likely experience high levels of this emotional response among citizens.
Fear
The Manchu attitude toward trade with the West was shaped not only by economics but also by this broader belief about Chinese civilization
the belief that Chinese culture was superior and Europeans were uncivilized
The failure of the Macartney and Amherst missions revealed deep misunderstandings about diplomacy, trade, and this cultural practice
the Kowtow
Which person would MOST likely practice calligraphy in Qing China:
a) A military general training soldiers
b) A scholar preparing for civil service exams
c) A merchant trading opium
d) A sailor working at port
b) A scholar preparing for civil service exams
Although the Qing Empire appeared strong around 1800, these underlying pressures suggested future instability.
beneath this stability, serious internal problems were beginning to weaken the empire. Rapid population growth placed pressure on farmland, food supplies, and government resources. State finances were becoming strained, making it harder for the government to manage the empire effectively. At the same time, increasing opium imports were causing social and economic disruption by spreading addiction, weakening productivity, and causing silver to flow out of Chin
Both Confucianism and Legalism believed this institution was important for maintaining order
government
Europeans were only allowed to trade through these business organizations.
the 13 Hongs
The Chinese government viewed opium as both a social problem and an economic problem because addiction reduced productivity and caused this economic consequence
the outflow/loss of silver?
The largest ethnic group in Qing China was this group,
The Han Chinese
The Qing Dynasty ruled a large multiethnic empire, but the most powerful government positions were originally dominated by this group
the Manchus
The Five Relationships in Confucianism are fundamental to the ethical and social order of East Asian cultures
Ruler and subject
Father and son
Elder brother and younger brother
husband and wife
friend and friend
The Qing government attempted to limit cultural exchange by making this action punishable by death.
teaching Chinese language to foreigners
The unequal treaties damaged China’s economy because China was forced to keep these on foreign manufactured goods very low.
Tariffs
This Confucian concept emphasized deep respect for parents and elders.
filial piety