A Greater Society
Thomas More first coined this term in 1516
What is "Utopia"?
Marx, influenced by Hegel, saw history as a dialectic struggle between these two classes
What are the Proletariat and the Bourgeoisie?
Darwin proposed that species evolved through this process
What is natural selection?
This philosophy involves a complete faith in "science" as a substitute for religion
What is scientism?
The morality of an action in a utilitarian society is based on how much it maximizes this
What is aggregate pleasure/happiness?
This is Marx's economic theory for ascribing value to goods
What is the Labor Theory of Value?
This philosopher applied Darwin's theories to human societies and pushed for state-sponsored racial purification and expansion (eugenics, imperialism, etc.)
Who is Karl Pearson?
This 19th century idea proposes that throughout history religion and science have intellectually fought with one another because of intrinsic differences
What is the conflict thesis?
Hegel's belief that history is moving towards an ultimate end and goal
What is teleology? (or, What is history is teleological?)
Utopians believed, because of human reasoning and nature, this would not be required to bring about perfect society
What is a violent revolution?
Marx's sociological idea that workers suffered because they were separated from the purpose and products of their labor
What is alienation?
Unlike nationalism, this form of love for one's country is tempered by a moral standard
What is patriotism?
This general movement during (as well as before and after) the 19th century prompted people to shift from where they found truth and meaning
What is secularization?
These are the three stages of Hegel's dialectic
What are thesis, antithesis, and synthesis
This philosopher argued against the charge that the search for pleasure leads to degeneracy by qualifying the highest pleasures as the intellectual, moral, and cultural as opposed to the base pleasures
Who is John Stuart Mill?
This is the source of meaning in people's lives
What is labor?
Ethnic Nationalists use this for legal consideration of who constitutes their nation
What is the law of blood (jus sanguinis)?
These are the three stages of human knowledge according to Auguste Comte
What are the theological, metaphysical, and positivist stages?
Hegel's proposed idea of how history develops through a series of opposing events/ideas leading to new, synthesized ideas
What are dialectics?
This author wrote the third best-selling book of the 19th century to promote utopian ideals
Who is Edward Bellamy
This economic theory, where value is based on individual human evaluation of the usefulness of the good, replaced Marx's in capitalist societies
What is the Subjective Theory of Value?
This nationalist song called for the German people to unite to defend against French expansion into German lands
What is "The Watch on the Rhine" (Die Wacht Am Rhein)?
This author used dubious sources, like Washington Irving, to "prove" his belief in the incompatibility of religion and science with examples like Christopher Columbus' "struggle" to prove Earth's sphericity
Who is John William Draper?
Hegel believed this was the ultimate telos of human history and society
What is the progress of freedom?