DNA
a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis
passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring
genetically determined characteristic (ex: blue eyes)
plant has both male and female reproductive structures on one plant. The anthers (male) can fertilize the ovary (female) through the stigma on the same plant. (self-pollinating plants are purebred plants)
Recessive Traits
Does not show up when a dominant allele is present (tt)
the process of making an identical copy of a section of DNA, using existing DNA as a template for the synthesis of new DNA strands.
a new organism begins to form when egg and sperm join in the process
pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovary of a flower on a another plant by way of wind, insect, or (bee)
predicts the results of a particular event
the surgar included in a nucleotide building block of DNA.
organisim that has two different alleles for a trait
Mendel took two purebred pea plants. He cut the anthers off one of the plants so that it would not self-pollinate and then he took pollen from one plant and pollinated the other plant. Each time the offspring showed the dominant trait.
What did Mendel find when he crossed purebred short plants with purebred tall plants?
He found all tall plants in the F1 generation
punnet square
chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
the concept that genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed to mRNA. Then the mRNA moves to the ribosome where the information is translated into the amino acid sequnce of a protein (DNA->RNA->Protein).
selective breeding
crossing two individuals to get certain characteristics (example: using seeds from the healthiest plants so that offspring will also be healthy)
Why did Medal cut the anthers off of selected plants?
He wanted to make sure self-pollination did not occur
When Mendel crossed the offspring with one another, was the trait for shortness lost?
No, because the offspring were carriers of the short trait
alleles are neither dominant or recessive so both alleles are expressed in the offspring
a building block of proteins that are added to the protein chain within a ribosome based upon the information encoded in the mRNA base sequence.
genetic engineering
moving genes from one organism into the DNA of another (example: using bacteria cells to produce insulin)
Another name for the P generation
Mendel's second experiment
Mendel allowed first generation plants from this first experiment to self-pollinate (these are the purple). The recessive trait appeared 1 out of 4 offspring. He got 3 purple and 1 white each time. These offspring are called the second generation plants or F2.
law of probability
predicts what is likely to occur, not what will occur