Action Potential
Which (2) ions are crucial in the production of an Action Potential?
What are their charges?
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Two divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral Nervous System (Autonomic and Somatic NS)
This part is responsible for
receiving information from
other neurons.
What is a dendrite?
is a mechanism that surrounds the brain and blocks most chemicals, viruses, bacteria (etc.) from entering
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
General ailment of _____ disease is memory impairment.
What is Alzheimer's Disease?
Two states of the axon during the Action Potential:
What are resting and firing?
Resting = resting membrane potential
Firing state = The Action Potential itself (depolarization, repolarization & hyperpolarization)
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS
What are the two branches of the Autonomic NS?
This part of a neuron contains cellular components found in other cells (i.e. nucleus and mitochondria)
Sometimes referred to as the cell body
What is a soma?
Most abundant type of glial cells in the CNS
What are Astrocytes?
Historically accepted functions
•Provide nutrients to neurons
•Provide structure to synapses
•Blood brain barrier
•“Control the chemical
composition of fluid...”
The inability to carry out a motor activity
What is apraxia?
The membrane is ______, allowing some chemicals to pass more freely than others through the phospholipid bilayer
Selectively permeable
What is alcoholism?
This part isresponsible for transmitting
nerve impulses away to other neurons, glands, or muscles.
What is an axon?
Regulate neuronal neurotransmitter release
What are Astrocytes?
*due to astrocytes being the most abundant glial cell in the body, they correspondingly have a various amount of funtions. Keep this in mind for the exam.
Types of Alzheimer's Disease
What are sporadic and familial?
*be sure to study the key differences between these disease types
-70mV,
-55mV
What is the starting voltage, or the resting membrane potential?
What is the threshold of excitation?
The difference between autonomic NS and somatic NS:
Somatic- controls voluntary muscle movements and conveys information to the CNS
Autonomic- controls INvoluntary muscles movements
Any examples?
What are 3 major filamentous structures in the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules: generally very large filaments
(25-28nm)Essential for axonal transport
Neurofilaments: specific to neurons (10nm)–
Changes in microtubules and/or
neurofilaments are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s
disease
Actin microfilaments: often most abundant in
peripheral ends of an axon (3-8nm)–Play a role in axonal outgrowth during development
The immune cells of the central nervous system
What are microglia?
Disease characterized by loss of myelin sheath and autoimmune effects
What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
2 forces work on the membrane and ions of interest
Electrostatic Pressure:
depends on electrical gradient
Diffusion (chemical gradient):
depends on concentration
gradient (diffusion)
Which branch of the autonomic NS expends energy? Conserves energy?
What is the parasympathetic NS?
What are interruptions in myelin sheath referred to as?
Provide myelination in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM:
Provide myelination in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
What are Oligdendrocytes?
Amyloid β accumulation = toxicity = cause of Alzheimer's Disease
Describe the steps
Microglial activation -> neurotoxicity
Alters function of tau protein in neurons ->microtubules destabilize -> neurofibrillary tangles
*Memorize these steps in this order