Ch. 1: Math & Fundamentals of Measurement
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, Liquid, and Gas
What does the atomic number measure?
the number of protons in an atom
Define wavelength and frequency.
Wavelength: the distance between two peaks of a wave
Frequency: the number of complete wavelengths that pass a given point each second
Which group on the periodic table is the least reactive?
Noble gases
What is the difference between ionic bonds and covalent bonds?
Ionic: a metal bonds with a nonmetal
Covalent: a nonmetal bonds with a nonmetal
What is the difference between elements and compounds?
Elements: substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances; composed of only one type of atom
Compounds: substances composed of two or more elements; contain two or more types of atoms
Explain the difference between a cation and an anion.
Cation: an ion with a positive charge
Anion: an ion with a negative charge
What does the angular momentum quantum number (l) define and what are the letters that can be designate it?
defines the shape of the orbital
designated by s, p, d, and f
Which part of the periodic table (top/bottom, left/right) has the elements with the largest atoms?
Bottom, left
Explain the octet rule in words.
Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by 8 valence electrons
Convert 115 lbs to grams.
(1 lb = 453.6 g)
5.22 x 10^4 g
What is the chemical formula of tetraphosphorus decasulfide.
P4S10
The d-block on the periodic table corresponds to which representative group of elements?
Transition metals
Which part of the periodic table (top/bottom, left/right) has the elements with the highest ionization energy?
Top, right
What is electronegativity?
The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself
What is a solution?
A homogenous mixture of different substances
Balance the following equation:
CH4 + O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O
CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O
Draw the orbital diagram for the electron configuration of nitrogen. What is the electron configuration?
1s2 2s2 2p3
(diagram on page 238 of textbook)
What is the difference between ionization energy and electron affinity?
Ionization energy: measures that energy change when an atom loses an electron
Electron Affinity: measures the energy change when an atom gains an electron
Draw the Lewis dot structure for the BrO3- ion.
(Answer on page 317 in textbook)
Convert the speed 515 meters per second into miles per hour.
(1 mi = 1.6093 km)
1150 mi/hr
How many milliliters of 3.0 M H2SO4 are needed to make 450 mL of 0.10 M H2SO4?
0.015 L soln
15 mL soln
What is the condensed electron configuration for Zinc?
[Ar] 4s2 3d10
Which group on the periodic table has the most negative electron affinities of the elements?
Halogens
List 3 steps for predicting the shapes of molecules/ions using the VESPR Model.
1. Draw the lexis structure and count the number of electron domains around the central atom. (*each lone pair, single bond, double bond, and triple bond count as one electron domain)
2. Arrange the electron domains about the central atom so that the repulsions are minimized.
3. Use this arrangement to determine the molecular geometry (table 9.1 (page 344) in textbook)