Membrane Transport
a transmembrane protein that helps a substance to cross the membrane
transport protein
The mechanism by which a cell engulfs particles using pseudopodia.
phagocytosis
The principle of conservation of energy which states that energy can be transferred or transformed but cannot be created or destroyed.
First law of thermodynamics
A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
catalyst
Site of the Kreb's cycle
mitochondrial matrix
Referring to a solution that when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.
hypotonic
Cellular uptake of molecules and particulate matter via the formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane.
endocytosis
an adenine containing nuceleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when it's phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.
allosteric regulation
The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
oxidation
A channel protein that specifically facilitates osmosis.
aquaporin
The secretion of molecules by the fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane.
exocytosis
The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
Second law of thermodynamics
Inhibits the activity of an enzyme by binding to the active site in place of the substrate
competitive inhibitor
Potential energy stored in the form of a electrochemical gradient generated by the pumping of protons
proton motive force
Random thermal motion of particles of gases, liquids or solids down a concentration gradient.
diffusion
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and it's dissolved solutes.
pinocytosis
The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform.
free energy
caused by entry of a substrate, a change in the shape of active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate
induced fit
Mechanism by which fatty acids are broken down to two carbon fragments that enter the TCA cycle as acetyl CoA.
beta oxidation
The difference in electrical charge across a cell's plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions.
membrane potential
This substance carries cholesterol in blood and uses receptor-mediated endocytosis to enter a cell.
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
Metabolic regulation in which the end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme within the pathway.
feedback inhibition
A type of allosteric regulation seen in hemoglobin molecules.
cooperativity
An organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. They typically do not survive in the presence of oxygen.
obligate anaerobe