Ionic Bonds
What are the two parts of an ionic bond?
The two parts of an ionic bond are a cation (positive) and an anion (negative).
What does the electrons do to form a covalent bond?
In any type of covalent bond, the electrons are shared between two or more atoms.
How is a polar covalent bond different from a nonpolar covalent bond?
In both types of bonds, the electrons are shared but in a polar covalent bond, they are shared unequally.
What type of charge does an electron have?
Electrons have a negative charge.
What is a positive ion called?
A positive ion is called a cation.
What do the electrons do to form an ionic bond?
The electron from an atom that has one or two electrons in its outer shell transfers one or two electrons to another atom that is missing one or two electrons in its outer shell.
What must be true to make a covalent bond nonpolar?
In order for the a covalent bond to be nonpolar, the atoms in the molecule must have the same or similar levels of electrostatic negativity.
Why are the electrons shared unequally in a polar covalent bond?
Atoms in molecules with polar covalent bonds have atoms with different levels of electrostatic negativity so electrons are shared unequally.
How are electrons organized around the nucleus of an atom?
Electrons are organized into shells or orbits. There are 7 in total.
What is a negative ion called?
A negative ion is called an anion.
What is the scientific name for table salt?
The scientific name for table salt is Sodium Chloride.
What is electrostatic negativity?
Electrostatic negativity is the ability of the protons of an atom to attract the electrons of another atom.
In H2O, why will the shared electrons spend more time around the oxygen atoms?
Oxygen has a higher level of electrostatic negativity, so it will have a greater ability to attract the shared electrons.
How many electrons fit into the first shell?
How many electrons fit into the second shell?
How many electrons fit into the third shell?
Two electrons fit into the first shell.
Eight electrons fit into the second shell.
18 electrons fit into the third shell.
How is a cation made?
A cation is made by an atom transferring an electron away from itself. If an atom loses an electron it has an overall positive charge and becomes a cation.
Why does Sodium transfer one electron to Chlorine?
Sodium only has one electron in its outer shell. For sodium to become inert, the atom needs to transfer the electron away to another atom that needs an electron.
How many electrons are in Oxygen's outer shell and how many does it need to become inert? Where will it get the additional electrons?
There are 6 electrons in Oxygen's outer shell and needs 2 more to become inert. Oxygen will have another atom share 2 electrons.
How many electrons are in the outer shells of oxygen and hydrogen atoms? How many electrons do they need to become inert?
Oxygen has six electrons in its outer shell and needs two more to become inert. Hydrogen has one electron in its outer shell and needs one more to become inert.
How do electrons make an atom inert?
An atom must have a full outer shell or eight electrons (octet) in its outer shell to be inert.
How is an anion made?
An anion is made by accepting a transferred electron from another atom. If an atom gains an electron it has an overall negative charge and becomes an anion.
Why does Chlorine accept an electron from Sodium?
Chlorine has seven electrons in its outer shell. For chlorine to become inert it needs to have eight electrons in its outer shell, so it accepts one from sodium.
Why do oxygen atoms in oxygen gas form a nonpolar covalent bond?
They are both the same atom, so they both have the same level of electrostatic negativity. This means the electrons will spend an equal time around both atoms. If the electrons spend an equal time around both atoms neither atom will have a negative or positive charge.
Why does the hydrogen side of water molecules have a positive charge?
Hydrogen atoms have a lower level of electrostatic negativity so the electrons spend less time around the hydrogen atoms. Since they spend less time there the side of the molecule has a positive charge.
What are two things electrons can do to form chemical bonds?
Electrons can either be shared (covalent bonds) or transferred (ionic bonds).
What is the force that attracts ions with opposite charges together and allows them to make molecules?
The electrostatic force attracts ions with opposite charges and allows them to form molecules.