Chapters 15&16
What is a group of functionally related genes controlled by a single "on-off switch"?
An Operon
What must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?
Genetic variation among individuals
Define Phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
What is the equilibrium expression of:
4NH3 + 7O2 <--> 4NO2 + 6H2O
K = ([NO2]4 [H2O]6) / ([NH3]4 [O2]7)
True or False: HCl is a strong acid, its conjugate base will also be strong
What is False
How do changing patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes contribute to the organism's survival?
Allowing the organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions
Two plant species live in the same biome but on different continents. Although the two species are not at all closely related, they may appear quite similar as a result of what?
Convergent evolution
phylogenetic trees are meant to show _____ not _____
patterns of descent, phenotypic similarity
In the relationship between K and Kp, what is delta n? delta is the triangle symbol.
The difference in the sums of the coefficients for the gaseous products and reactants.
Calculate the [H+] in a solution that has a pH of 9.88
What is 1.31 x 10^-10
What can totipotent stem cells do?
Give rise to all cell types in the organism, including adult cells and embryonic cells
A shared ancestral character is
A character that originated in an ancestor of two taxa
How are species placed in the wrong genus?
throughout evolution, species have lost a key feature shared by its close relatives
The linnaean system does not tell us anything about group’s evolutionary relationships to other groups
What occurs if Q (quotient) is greater than K (equilibrium constant)?
The reaction shifts to the left
What is the 5% rule?
What is: If the change in a reactant species is less than 5% using the approximation, the change can be considered negligible
What would be the result from a mutation in a proto-oncogene?
Abnormal stimulation of cell growth and division
4 main lines of evidence for evolution by natural selection
Direct observations
Homology
The fossil Record
Biogeography
what are the 5 assumptions of the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium?
No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large pop size
No gene flow
Le Chatelier's Principle
If a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the position of the equilibrium will shift in a direction that tends to reduce that change.
An Aqueous Solution made of solid Aluminum Chloride is ____
What is Acidic
Suppose an experimenter becomes proficient with a technique that allows her to move DNA sequences within a prokaryotic genome. If she moves the regulatory gene (lac I), along with its promoter, to a position several thousand base pairs away from its normal position, what would you expect to occur?
The lac operon will function normally (lac I Repressor protein, can be moved anywhere and will function the same)
Name the three types of clades and define them
Monophyletic: consisting of the ancestor species and all of its descendants
Paraphyletic: group consists of an ancestral species and SOME, not all, of the descendants
Polyphyletic: group includes distantly related species but not their most recent common ancestor
What are the 4 factors that must be at work for a population to evolve?
Mutation
Migration
Selection
Drift
In this Exothermic reaction: PCl5<---> PCl3 + Cl2 What change results in MORE Cl2 production?
I. Adding PCl3
II. Removing PCl3
III. Reducing the volume of the container.
IV. Removing PCl5
V. Increasing temperature
VI. Increasing the volume of the container
VII. Adding PCl5
VIII. Reducing temperature
IX. Adding a suitable catalyst
II, VI, VII, VIII
Name the 5 types of Acids
What are Diprotic Acids, Oxyacids, Organic Acids, Hydrohalic Acids, and Monoprotic Acids