Historical Perspectives
Trephination, as practiced by ancient cultures, was a process whereby __________.
A) the two halves of the brain were severed
B) a small opening was made in the eye socket
C) the inner ear was punctured with a sharp object
D) certain portions of the skull were cut away
D) certain portions of the skull were cut away
Which of the following terms is defined as the shared behavioral patterns and lifestyles that differentiate one group of people from another?
A) race
B) ethnicity
C) culture
D) group expectations
C) culture
In the clinical assessment process, referral questions aid in the determination of __________.
A) the goals of assessment and the psychological tests or measurements to be administered.
B) an appropriate placement for the patient upon discharge.
C) how long the therapeutic process will take.
D) the best way to psychologically triage the individual for further testing.
A) the goals of assessment and the psychological tests or measurements to be administered.
The deinstitutionalization movement ultimately failed because __________.
A) local governments remained in favor of institutionalization
B) families of people with mental illness believed that hospitalization was the best treatment method
C) appropriate funding was never allocated for outpatient facilities and staff
D) insurance companies refused to pay for outpatient treatment
C) appropriate funding was never allocated for outpatient facilities and staff
The most common behavioral expression of anxiety is __________.
A) panic attacks
B) escape or avoidance
C) worry
D) subjective distress
B) escape or avoidance
The first physician to remove chains from hospitalized patients and to adopt a form of occupational therapy for patients was __________.
A) Pinel
B) Freud
C) Pavlov
D) Hippocrates
A) Pinel
Jeffrey’s therapist is conducting an initial interview with him. The therapist spends a lot of time asking questions about Jeffrey’s parents and his early life experiences. Since he seems to view Jeffrey’s parents as the “root cause” of his problems, this therapist is most likely oriented toward __________.
A) psychoanalysis
B) humanism
C) behaviorism
D) behavioral genetics
A) psychoanalysis
Carlos’s therapist evaluates his depression every three months with a series of tests while he is undergoing treatment. This refers to which of the following?
A) differential diagnosis
B) standardization
C) outcome evaluation
D) normative comparison
C) outcome evaluation
Why is outpatient commitment considered less coercive than inpatient hospitalization?
A) Patients are not required to follow rigid rules of conduct as found in hospitals.
B) The patient may select the professional to deliver treatment.
C) The person is not forced to take medication.
D) The person remains in the community with social support.
D) The person remains in the community with social support.
Until recently, Naveed had always enjoyed being on his high school debate team, which had won several awards. But yesterday, as Naveed prepared for next week’s event, he began to experience a heightened sense of nervousness. He noticed tightness in his chest and he felt dizzy. He had difficulty controlling his rapid breathing and began to feel an intense need to go outside for air. It is most likely that Naveed was experiencing symptoms of __________.
A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) a panic attack
C) agoraphobia
D) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) a panic attack
In the classical conditioning paradigm demonstrated by Pavlov through his study of the physiology of dog digestion, what was the UCS?
A) bell
B) food powder
C) Pavlov
D) salivating
B) food powder
The term “dysfunction” implies:
A) distress caused to the self or others that is unintentional
B) interference with important areas of functioning
C) having a mental illness
D) engaging in criminal wrongdoing
B) interference with important areas of functioning
) At her annual primary care appointment, Jasmine is asked to complete a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The clinic is likely trying to ________. __________.
A) screen her for PTSD symptoms to determine which physician she should meet with
B) screen her for symptoms of depression to determine if further evaluation is warranted
C) give her an antidepressant medication
D) enroll her in a research study for novel depression treatments
B) screen her for symptoms of depression to determine if further evaluation is warranted
Malpractice is defined as __________.
A) improper diagnosis of a patient
B) use of a form of therapy that is out of the mainstream
C) professional misconduct or unreasonable lack of skill
D) reckless abuse of patients
C) professional misconduct or unreasonable lack of skill
The goal of behavioral therapy in treating an anxiety disorder is to __________.
A) reward the client’s dependency on avoidance behaviors
B) expose the client to the feared situation
C) identify the cause rooted in early childhood
D) identify the pattern of unconscious conflict maintaining the behavior
B) expose the client to the feared situation
Hippocrates suggested which of the following as a biological cause for symptoms of psychological disorders?
a) Imbalance of the four bodily humors
b) Recurrent worry
c) Evil spirits
d) Emotional distress
a) Imbalance of the four bodily humors
The concept of “developmental trajectory” expresses the notion that __________.
A) symptoms of a disorder are always most severe in childhood
B) symptoms of a disorder may vary depending on a person’s age
C) age determines the presence of a disorder but not symptom expression
D) a person’s developmental stage has little bearing on a given diagnosis
B) symptoms of a disorder may vary depending on a person’s age
Consistency of scores over time refers to which of the following?
A) reliability
B) validity
C) standardization
D) specificity
A) reliability
Unlike privacy, which is the right of an individual to give away, confidentiality __________.
A) exists only in legal circles
B) is an ethical ideal and often impractical
C) is held between two parties
D) is never broken by a therapist
C) is held between two parties
___________ individuals diagnosed with an anxiety disorder are comorbid for another anxiety disorder or for depression.
A) No
B) Few
C) Most
D) All
c) Most
While psychoanalytic and humanistic models assume that abnormality lies within the individual, __________ models assume that abnormal behavior must be understood in a larger context outside of the individual.
A) phenomenological
B) sociocultural
C) sociopathic
D) socioenvironmental
B) sociocultural
Whereas the behavioral approach focuses on __________, the cognitive model targets __________ in explaining behavior.
A) external events; mental processes
B) mental processes; external events
C) thought distortions; punishment
D) punishment; thought distortions
A) external events; mental processes
Select the statement that is most likely TRUE of dimensional models.
A) They are innately more complex than categorical models.
B) They lead to considerable within-category heterogeneity.
C) They pigeonhole patients into types.
D) They facilitate clinical decision-making more than categorical models do.
A) They are innately more complex than categorical models.
When a person is judged “not guilty by reason of insanity,” we may infer that __________.
A) the person had criminal intent at the time of the crime but is remorseful at the time of trial
B) the person has a long history of untreated mental illness that interfered with rational thought at the time the crime was committed
C) the trial judge cannot show that mental illness was not a factor in the crime
D) the person has a psychological disorder that interferes with understanding the seriousness and illegality of the crime
D) the person has a psychological disorder that interferes with understanding the seriousness and illegality of the crime
Posttraumatic stress disorder is initiated when an individual experiences a traumatic event or
A) hears another person discuss a traumatic event and relives the experience.
B) is threatened with violence by another.
C) recalls a traumatic event as a flashback.
D) is witness to serious injury or the violent death of another.
D) is witness to serious injury or the violent death of another.