Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 15
Chapter 14
100
What are the three stages of cell communication?
1- Reception, 2-Transduction, 3-Response
100
If you begin with a 2n cell, after mitosis, each daughter cell will be __n
2n
100
How many cells are the end product of meiosis?
What ploidy are they?
4 daughter cells, ploidy is 2n (23 chromosomes)
100
True or false: dominant alleles are more common in a population than recessive alleles.
Whether an allele is dominant or not does not affect how common a trait is. Traits can become more common over time. Gene versions only become more common by virtue of their selective advantage or by luck. Not by being dominant.
False
100
If an attached earlobe is coded by (E,e) (that is, there are two alleles in the population), how many alleles will one person have?
2 (need two alleles for a trait to be expressed)
200
Name the three types of receptors
RTK, G-protein coupled receptor, ion-gated channels
200
Imagine a cell in metaphase. How many chromosomes are there per pair of sister chromatids
46
200
Horse somatic (diploid) cells have 64 chromosomes. How many do their gametes (eggs and sperm) have?
23 chromosomes
200
A man has straight hair and women has curly hair. Their offspring has wavy hair. What type of dominance do the offspring's alleles have?
incomplete dominance
200
compare characteristics versus traits. Give one example of each. Also compare genes and alleles
Gene: (characteristic) DNA sections that code for specific proteins; Allele: (trait) different versions of that gene
300
What are the types of local signaling and long-distance signaling
Paracrine and synaptic (local signaling)
endocrine (long-distance)
300
What are the three stages of the cell cycle in Interphase, and the two main stages in the Mitotic phase?
Interphase: G1, S, G2,
Mitosis: M, and cytokinesis
300
Meiosis I and Meiosis II: during which are homologous chromosomes separated? sister chromatids?
homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis l, sister chromatids separate in meiosis ll
300
A person has A+ blood type. They can donate blood to people with what blood types?
Group A can donate red blood cells to A's and AB's. Group O can donate red blood cells to anybody.
300
identify the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross
Monohybrid: crosses involving the study of a single trait; Dihybrid: crosses involving two separate traits
400
What are the two most common intracellular second messengers?
cAMP and Calcium ions
400
Define "nondisjunction" and what happens to most cells that experience it.
Nondisjunction means that a pair of homologous chromosomes has failed to separate or segregate at anaphase l so that both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell.
400
Identify one major event that occurs in Prophase I that does not occur in Prophase (mitosis). Describe the process
crossing over
400
What is the only monosomy humans can have? Why?
Monosomy (Monosomy refers to the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells);
Turner Syndrome
400
Draw a punnet square for Pp x Pp. What is the likelihood that the offspring will have white flowers
¼
500
How is cyclic AMP made
Its formation is promoted by adenylyl cyclase activation after ligation of G protein-coupled receptors by ligands
500
Name the stages of mitosis each circled cell is in
l (anaphase)
ll (telophase)
lll (metaphase)
IV (pro metaphase)V (metaphase
500
What are three ways in which meiosis enhances genetic diversity?
1) “Crossing over” in meiosis, which allows non-sister chromatids to swap genes, increases the # of potential combinations of genes in gametes
2) Random fertilization
3) The law of independent assortment: the random line-up of homologous chromosomes during metaphase 1.
500
Nondisjunction can occur during meiosis I or meiosis II. Assuming were only considering autosomes, which nondisjunction event can result in viable gametes?
meiosis ll
500
Whats the likelihood that a short plant that heterozygous for flower color and a plant thats heterozygous for height and homozygous dominant for flower color will have offspring that is tall with purple flowers (color: P, p height: T, t)
½