Chapter 6
Very young children's throws tend to consist of primarily what type of action?
Arm action
Which of the following is characteristic of proficient catching?
a. pointing the fingers upward to catch a high ball
b. pointing the fingers upward to catch a low ball
c. letting the shoulders and elbows move to give with contact of the ball
d. a and c
e. b and c
D: A and C
The loss of weight in older adulthood results mainly from loss of muscle tissue. (T or F)
True
The ______________ system exerts its control over specific cellular functions through chemical substances called hormones.
Endocrine
There is a strong relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and ______.
Lean body mass
In overarm striking, the upper arm (humerus) lags behind the trunk, but the racket precedes the forearm at ball contact. (T or F)
False
Racket does not precede forearm
Another word for grasping is ____________.
Prehension
The decrease in height that can occur in older adulthood results mainly from change in what body area?
Spine
Define primary ossification centers
Appear in the midportions of the long bones, such as the humerus and femur, starting at 2 months
The type of metabolism in which chemical changes at a cellular level create energy in the presence of oxygen is ______
Aerobic
Which of the following is characteristic of proficient punting?
a. using the arms in opposition to the legs after the ball is dropped
b. a short step onto the supporting leg immediately before the punting leg swings forward
c. keeping a slight bend in the knee at ball contact
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c
A
From the perception-action perspective, the characteristic of the person-environment system in which patterns in the environment remain constant is called ____________.
Invariance
Growth tends to proceed in what direction(s) (2)?
proximodistal
cephalocaudal
Define secondary ossification center
The maximum oxygen deficit that a person can tolerate when undergoing a short period of intense activity is called anaerobic _________.
Capacity
Young children often use a(n) ____________ grip to hold the implement used in a striking task, thus tending to undercut the ball.
Power
Describe coincidence-anticipation tasks
Coincidence-anticipation tasks are motor skills in which one anticipates the completion of a movement to coincide with the arrival of a moving object.
Define teratogen. Explain the significance of teratogens to the mother and fetus.
A teratogen is any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus upon exposure. It may be harmful to the development of the fetus without being harmful to the mother, or it may be harmful to both.
The _________ hormones in particular play a role in promoting skeletal growth
Thyroid
After age 70, women decline faster then men in anaerobic likely reflecting a higher rate of Type ___ muscle fiber atrophy and _____ hormonal changes.
Type II
Hormonal
Both kicking and striking involve perceptual judgments not required for throwing. How can parents or teachers modify the task constraints for kicking and striking to allow young children to practice the movement without the frustration of being intercepted?
They can make the ball stationary.
The notation that provides the body component and then step number, for all the components of a given skill (such as arm 2, trunk 2, leg 1), is called a(n) ______________.
Developmental Profile
Describe the process of growth during fetal development. In what direction does growth occur? (4)
hypertrophy and hyperplasia
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
What year does the epiphyseal (growth plate) close?
18 or 19 years old
Name the three developmental changes that occur in childhood and preadolescence that result in a gradual reduction of hypokinetic circulation in children.
Heart size increase
Hemoglobin concentration increase
Oxygen extraction ability decreases to adult levels