History of Psychology
Lucas believes energy drinks help students study better. He only watches videos and reads articles that agree with his opinion and ignores studies that show negative effects.
Confirmation Bias
A counselor encourages people to focus on personal growth, free will, and reaching their full potential.
Humanistic perspective
A researcher changes the amount of sleep participants get before taking a test.
Independent variable
Participants are placed into the experimental group or control group completely by chance.
Random assignment
As the number of hours students study increases, their test scores also increase.
Positive correlation
After the soccer team loses the championship game, Maya says, “I knew they were going to lose the whole time.”
Hindsight bias
A therapist believes a person’s fears are caused by unconscious childhood memories.
Psychodynamic perspective
A researcher measures participants’ test scores after changing the amount of sleep they get.
Dependent variable
One group of participants receives a new medicine during an experiment.
Experimental group
As the amount of stress increases, the number of hours a person sleeps decreases.
Negative correlation
Emma studies for only 10 minutes because she is completely sure she will get 100% on the psychology quiz.
Overconfidence
A researcher studies how traditions and family expectations influence behavior in different countries.
Sociocultural perspective
A student predicts that listening to music while studying will improve memory test scores.
Hypothesis
One group of participants receives no treatment during an experiment so researchers can compare results.
Control group
A psychologist watches children play at a park without interacting with them.
Naturalistic observation
A teacher gives students candy every time they finish their homework on time, and homework completion increases.
Behavioral perspective
A scientist studies how hormones and brain activity affect emotions.
Biopsychology (Neuroscience) perspective
Every student in the school has an equal chance of being selected for a survey.
Random sampling
A patient feels better after taking a fake pill because they believe it is real medicine.
Placebo effect
A psychologist spends two years studying one patient with a rare memory disorder.
Case study
A psychologist studies how memory, thinking, and problem-solving affect learning.
Cognitive perspective
A psychologist explains that fear of snakes may exist because avoiding snakes helped human ancestors survive.
Evolutionary perspective
A researcher surveys only students sitting in the cafeteria because they are easy to reach.
Convenience sampling
Neither the participants nor the researchers know who received the real treatment.
Double-blind study
After a study ends, participants are told the true purpose of the experiment and why deception was used.
Debriefing