GEL: Topic 1
State 3 words that can be used to describe spatial patterns
Linear
Clustered
Dispersed
Describe the nature of hazards and one other component of disaster risks.
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
Quantitative data
Qualitative data
Name two risks one may face when collecting data, and how can they be mitigated.
Study Fig. 1 and explain two ways that humans and nature affect each other.
●Humans can help to limit damage to the environment by walking only on designated boardwalks [1 mark]. This helps to prevent trampling of vegetation / soil compaction, which would deteriorate these natural spaces [1 additional mark]
● Humans can learn about the importance and value of nature areas, which encourages positive behaviour that does not damage nature [1 mark]
● Trees provide shade and help to cool surrounding air [1 mark], which helps to lower temperatures and make the environment more comfortable for humans
●
Trees help to remove pollutants from air through photosynthesis, which helps to improve air quality for humans.
●Nature areas such as the walking trails offer opportunities for people to take part in recreational activities . Such direct and frequent interactions with natural areas bring about health and wellbeing benefits to people [
● Nature areas provide humans with oxygen through photosynthesis, which is essential for the survival of humans
●The overcrowding of humans on nature trails like the Rail Corridor can disturb nature by increasing the noise pollution and littering on the trail,which can scare animals away and be harmful if animals consume the toxic litter
● Mosquitoes that breed in these areas may carry dangerous viruses, such as dengue. Humans trekking on these trails may end up getting bitten and infected with these viruses, causing them to fall ill
Explain how sense of place is represented. Provide at least one example.
through different forms and types of media by individuals and organisations which reflects people’s ideas, memories and significant location.
examples:
Describe the two ecosystem services
What are 2 limitations researchers may need to work within when collecting data?
Describe how a likert scale is used in a questionnaire survey.
Study Fig.4, describe spatial pattern of the economic gateways
Using a specific example, explain how town planning creates connections and synergies across precincts, neighbourhood and towns.
Answer
long term plans and national level can achieve connections and synergies by optimising sacred land resources to cater to the diverse needs of current and future generations
example: senoko waste to energy plant is a waste treatment plant that is located near two towns. woodlands and sembawang. Given its location, the senoko waste to energy plant not just manages pollution concerns thorough waste treatment but also maximises benefits like job creation and education opportunities for students in nearby towns. h eve synergies produce as considerations for both nature and people are taken into account
Describe and explain how community resilience can be achieved in a community.
Describe advantages of using stratified random sampling instead of convenience sampling.
Stratified random sampling
Convenience sampling
When should non- probability sampling be used instead of probability sampling?
Study Figure 1 and describe how people could develop a sense of place in this neighbourhood
Explain spatial patterns and spatial association and provide at least one example for each.
Spatial patterns:
They reflect non-random arrangements that are recognisable as shapes, clusters, geometry or repeated occurrences at regular intervals. They can be easily identified on maps where services, events and objects are represented, helping us to understand the world around us
Example for spatial patterns: (at least one of the examples stated here)
-Train stations on Singapore’s circle line resemble an oval.
-Companies in the heavy industries are clustered in the west of Singapore, located in places such as Tuas and Pioneer.
-Public bus stops are located at regular intervals of about 400m, increasing accessibility and convenience, enabling most people to use bus services.
Spatial association:
They refer to the tendency of a pair of services, events and objects to be located near each other. They are used to suggest connections between services, events and objects.
Example for spatial association: (at least one of the examples here)
-lifts and stairways are often located next to each other
-fitness centers are found near HDB blocks, allowing elderly to easily access them without having to travel to another estate or block
-train stations and bus interchanges are often located near each other to increase convenience of switching from one mode of transport to another. Help decrease travel time.
describe the social and economic impacts of fire hazards and air pollution hazards.
State how researchers able to present their data for close ended and open ended questions. (At least two of each) Describe how to draw one of the data presentation methods stated.
Close ended
How to draw(bar graph)
(pie chart)
[accept any other plausible answers]
Open ended
How to draw (word cloud)
[accept any plausible answer]
Describe how qualitative data from mental maps can be processed.
Study Fig. 2 and explain how these 20-minute neighbourhoods can be socially sustainable.
Local playgrounds and parks are a meeting place for children and their parents
to interact regularly, fostering strong social bonds between residents of the
neighbourhood [1]. The relationships developed over time can help the local
community discuss decisions affecting their neighbourhood [1].
- Sport and recreation facilities are shared community spaces for the young and old to
gather and exercise / serves as a meeting place where strong social bonds can be
fostered with regular interaction [1]. The relationships developed over time can help
the local community discuss decisions affecting their neighbourhood [1].
- Residents interested in gardening can meet through their involvement in community
gardens [1], allowing them to maintain a culture of open communication as they go
about planning and using the garden spaces. [1]
- Housing diversity within the neighbourhood creates opportunities for people living in
different housing types to interact with each other [1], fostering mutual respect and
understanding between people of different walks of life, which helps to reduce
misunderstandings and conflicts [1].
- Accept other plausible responses.
Explain how town planning is carried out and why it is important
Facilities are often within close proximity, serving residents everyday needs. Example: children’s playgrounds, community gardens and covered linkways are always located near to each other, enhancing convenience and accessibility as well as catering to various needs.
However, some other facilities are spread throughout the precinct to meet residential needs
example: bus stops are spread out in regular intervals such that there is a bus stop near every apartment block, which ensure most residents in the precinct can have easy access to the bus stops
Town planning creates connections to help achieve connections and synergies across precincts, neighbourhoods and towns. It allows towns to be self-sufficient and provide employment opportunities for the residents.
‘Economic sustainability is more important than social sustainability in achieving sustainable development of a population.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Economic sustainability:
Achieved by ensuring that a neighbourhood has a high enough population density, which helps to support local businesses, and contribute to the economic growth of the country with revenue generated and income earnt by businesses and workers. Local businesses are able to sustain themselves as there will be sufficient demand for their goods and services; residents can also take up employment at these shops, earn income and increase their standard of living.
Social sustainability:
Achieved by ensuring residents feel included and have a sense of shared identity. Can be fostered by having shared community spaces to promote regular social interactions; small population size in an urban neighbourhood may facilitate regular interactions amongst residents,building resilience and positive relationships to maintain a culture of open communication, mutual respect and understanding, thus reducing misunderstandings and conflicts.
Conclusion:
Can compare either way, must substantiate that economic sustainability and social sustainability both require efforts, resources and manpower to achieve, both bringing benefits. Describe using geographical concepts, time (short/long term), space, interconnectedness etc.
Explain at least 2 reasons each for why a data collection process may be reliable or unreliable.
Reliable(any 2)
Unreliable(any 2)
(accept any other answers that are plausible)
Tallinn’s Old Town is very popular with tourists due to its proximity to the ferry terminal and the airport. However, most of the tourist arrivals tend to be concentrated during the summer months and special occasions like Christmas and New Year.
Using this knowledge, the students wanted to further extend their investigation by examining the economic impacts of tourism on Old Town.
Explain the steps (1 for each 5W1H) they could use to collect information to test the hypothesis, ‘Tourism brings more economic problems than benefits to Old Town.’
1. [Where] They can stay in the same groups and use the same data collection points. [1]
2. [Who & How – sampling method] They can change their sampling
method to stratified random sampling where they calculate and obtain a proportionate number of only the residents and establishment
owners needed and then use random sampling (through a random
number generator) to select their respondents. [1]
3. [How – data collection method] They will create a new questionnaire
survey with a mixture of open-ended and close-ended questions.
4. [When] They can conduct their investigation on more days spread
across the year to increase the reliability of their research.
(Other answers may be accepted)
Describe the considerations of urban planning across precincts, neighbourhoods, and towns in Singapore.
- The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) creates connections and synergies
across precincts, neighbourhoods and towns to achieve sustainability [1].
- Long-term plans seek to optimise resources to cater to the needs of current and
future generations [1].
- Land planning considers diverse needs and competing land uses, and makes
space for key infrastructure such as expressways, train lines and cycling networks to
ensure connectivity for all [1].
- Urban planners in Singapore have to consider planning for military facilities,
waste treatment plants, power stations, seaports and airports [1].