Menstruation
Hormone responsible for converting proliferative endometrium into secretory endometrium
progesterone
difference between breast abscess vs mastitis
Mastitis:
- diffuse erythema, warmth, tenderness
- no drainable fluid collection
- needs abx
Abscess:
- palpable fluctuant mass
- US shows a fluid collection
- requires abx and drainage
vaginal itching/thick white discharge
pH 4.0
wet prep with KOH demonstrates budding yeast
candidasis, tx is fluconazole
The increased GFR during pregnancy places patients at risk for:
physiologic hydronephrosis
Intervention for breech presentation (prior to onset of labor)
What is External Cephalic Version?
- no menarche by age 15 with development of secondary sexual characteristics
- no menarche within 3 years of thelarche (breast development)
- no breast development by age 13
What is primary amenorrhea?
pt with oligomenorrhea, galactorrhea on breast exam
serum prolactin elevated
What next?
order MRI to evaluate sella turcica
severe vulvar pain, fever, multiple grouped vesicular lesiosn
HSV, valacyclovir
CV changes in pregnancy
CO increases by 30-50%
HR increases by 10-20 bpm
blood volume increases by 40-50%
BP decreases
VEAL CHOP
What is the mnemonic for fetal heart rate changes?
V- variable deceleration C - cord compression
E - early deceleration H - head compression
A - acceleration O - ok
L - late deceleration P - placental insufficiency
Most common cause of secondary amenorrhea
What is elevated hCG?
peau d'orange skin changes on breast can be a sign of:
infiltration of a breast carcinoma
BV treatment
metronidazole
positive signs of pregnancy
visualization of fetal cardiac activity on US
fetal heart tones
fetal movement palpated by examiner (NOT mother's perception of movement)
microscopic finding when visualizing amniotic fluid from cervix (used in confirming rupture of membranes)
Ferning
If ovulation does not occurr in a cycle:
- no corupus luteum forms
- no progesterone is produced (or only minimal amounts)
- estrogen continues to stimulate the endometrium, causing proliferation
- endometrium will eventually shed irregularly
highest risk of cord prolapse
footling breech presentation
painless genital ulcer and nontender inguinal lymphadenopathy
primary syphilis
relationship of reference point of the presenting fetal part to the maternal pelvis
position
Terbutaline
A tocolytic given to suppress premature uterine contractions and delay preterm labor
postmenopausal vaginal changes
loss of rugae, epithelium can become thin/pale
sxs include dryness, dyspareunia, thin yellow discharge
What is atrophic vaginitis?
fecundity in single cycle is approx?
25%
diffuse maculopapular rash involving palms and soles
secondary syphilis
relation of long axis of fetus to maternal long axis
fetal lie
prior preterm birth
preeclampsia
multiple gestation
infections
smoking/substance abuse
inadequate weight gain
What are risk factors for pre-term labor/birth?