Weeks 1-5 (Part 2)

Week 1 (Cardiac Anatomy + Hemodynamics)

100

Parabolic flow is best seen in ____ arteries.

Small arteries (plug is for large arteries)

200

___% of congenital cardiac abnormalities are ruled out with a normal AP 4

_65%

300

Refers to the resistance the left ventricular contraction must overcome for flow ejection

Afterload

400

Refers to the initial ventricular volume at the start of systole

Preload

500

What is the term for the muscular ridge that separates the RA into the two portions and extends vertically from the IVC to SVC?

crista terminalis

Week 2 (Cardiac Physiology + Diastolic Dysfunction)

100

LAVi reflects what?

The cumulative effects of increased LV filling pressures over time

200

^{First degree AV Block is characterized by? (How many seconds?)}

Prolongation of the PR interval (>0.2 sec)

300

List 3 symptoms of heart failure!

• IJV Distention
• Rales
• Cardiomegaly
• Pleural Effusion
• Hemoptysis
• Dyspnea on exertion 
• Orthopnea

400

Why is the normal right ventricular wall thinner than the left ventricular wall?

Normal pulmonary circulation has minimal resistance to RV emptying in systole, requiring less muscle

500

A right ventricular pacer wire crossing the tricuspid valves typically results in?

A small amount of tricuspid regurgitation

Week 3(Signs, Symptoms, Complications + Cardiac Tumors)

100

The majority of myxomas originate in which chamber?

Left Atrium

200

Up to ____ of patients who undergo cardiac surgery develop a pericardial effusion (that usually contains fibrin strands)

85%

300

Cushing disease related to excessive cortisol from a pituitary tumor causes _____ ?

LVH (Left ventricular hypertrophy)

400

What is Chagas CMO characterized by?

Dilated ventricles with reduced function and LV apical aneurysm

500

Chronic anemia (a hematologic disorder) leads to which cardiac presentation?

Volume overload presenting as left ventricular hypertrophy with a systolic flow murmur

Week 4(Cardiac Infection + Pericardial Effusion)

100

Endocarditis is an infection of the heart’s ______ cells that cover the inner borders of the heart muscle.

epithelial

200

The most common valve at risk for subacute infection is the _____ valve.

Mitral

300

Alternating variations in QRS amplitudes over a series of beats is known as? 

Electrical alternans

400

IJV distention, Hypotension, Muffled heart sounds on auscultation, are symptoms of Cardiac Tamponade known as?

Beck’s Triad

500

 What are 4 Doppler findings of tamponade?

1. >25% increase MV during expiration

2. >40% decrease TV during expiration 

3. pulsus alternans

4. hepatic vein diastolic flow reversal

Week 5 (Defects of RH + TV Disease +Measurements/Equations)

100

How do you treat PDA?

• Indomethacin

• Device closure with a coil

• Occluder

• Plug

200

What is a common cause of Flail Tricuspid Leaflet?

Blunt chest trauma from a motor vehicle accident

300

Pulmonic stenosis commonly causes which chamber finding due to outflow obstruction?

RV hypertrophy

400

Define Persistent Left SVC (PLSVC)

Blood from left arm drains directly into coronary sinus through the brachiocephalic vein

500

Define pseudotruncus:

Pulmonary atresia, overriding AO, associated with VSD/ DO NOT confuse with truncus arteriosus