A system of canals and ditches designed to carry water to dry crops.
Irrigation
When individuals focus on specific jobs rather than just producing food.
Specialization
A social system that ranks individuals based on status, wealth, or power.
Hierarchy
A massive tiered temple built by Mesopotamians to honor their local god.
Ziggurat
Wedge-shaped characters pressed into clay, the world's first formal system of writing.
Cuneiform
The movement of people from rural areas into organized, densely populated cities.
Urbanization
To arrange laws or rules into a written and systematic code.
Codify
A skilled worker who makes high-quality goods by hand.
Artisan
An independent urban center that functions as its own sovereign country
City-state
A large group of non-elected officials who manage government business.
Bureaucracy
Believing in or worshipping multiple gods or goddesses at once.
Polytheistic
A form of government where leaders rule based on divine authority or religious law.
Theocracy