STRUCTURE 1
The Sun, the Moon, and Earth have magnetic fields, and _________ evidence that the stellar that extend through vast regions galaxies have fields of space.
A. which is
B. is
C. because
D. There is
D. There is
One identifying characteristic of minerals is their relative hardness, which can be determined by scratching one mineral with another. In this type of test, a harder mineral can scratch a softer one, but a softer mineral is unable to scratch the harder one. The Mohs’ hardness scale is used to rank minerals according to hardness. Ten minerals are listed in this scale, ranging from talc with a hardness of 1 to diamond with a hardness of 10. On this scale, quartz (number 7) is harder than feldspar (number 6) and is therefore able to scratch it; however, feldspar is unable to make a mark on quartz.
Which of the following best states the subject of this passage?
(A) The hardness of diamonds
(B) Identifying minerals by means of a scratch test
(C) Feldspar on the Mohs’ scale
(D) Recognizing minerals in their natural state
B. Identifying minerals by means of a scratch test
Just over two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by water, …… more than 98 percent of this water is contained in the oceans.
A. with
B. which
C. and
D. resulting
C. and
Coral reefs are among the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth, providing habitat for marine life and protection for coastlines. However, they are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature. As global temperatures rise due to climate change, coral bleaching events have become more frequent. Bleaching occurs when corals expel the algae (zooxanthellae) that live in their tissues, causing them to turn white and become more vulnerable to disease.
The loss of coral reefs has a ripple effect on marine biodiversity and local economies, particularly those that depend on tourism and fishing. Efforts to combat coral bleaching include reducing carbon emissions, promoting sustainable fishing, and restoring damaged reefs through coral gardening techniques. While the problem is global, local actions can still make a meaningful difference.
Why are coral reefs important?
A. They increase ocean temperatures.
B. They support marine life and protect coastlines.
C. They cause coral bleaching.
D. They reduce tourism and fishing activities.
B. They support marine life and protect coastlines.
Never before _______ such sophisticated technological solutions applied to address global sustainability challenges.
A. have been
B. has been
C. were
D. was
A. have been
…… 200 bones forming the framework, or skeleton, of the human body.
A. Being over
B. There are over
C. Where over
D. Over
B. There are over
The practice of vaccination dates back to the late 18th century with Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine. He discovered that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox were immune to smallpox. This observation led to the first documented use of a vaccine. Over the next century, vaccination efforts spread throughout Europe and the United States, significantly reducing deaths from infectious diseases.
In the 20th century, the development of vaccines for diseases such as polio, measles, and influenza represented major public health triumphs. The introduction of mass immunization programs led to the near-eradication of some diseases. Despite scientific progress, vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge, often fueled by misinformation and lack of trust.
Who is credited with the development of the first vaccine?
A. Louis Pasteur
B. Edward Jenner
C. Alexander Fleming
D. Robert Koch
B. Edward Jenner
Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials …….to handle and to sort them.
A. that almost compel one
B. one compels
C. that compel almost
D. one is almost compelled
A. that almost compel one
A star begins its life in a giant cloud of gas and dust known as a nebula. Gravity causes the gas and dust to collapse in on itself and form a protostar. As the protostar grows, its core becomes increasingly hot and dense until nuclear fusion begins, converting hydrogen into helium. This marks the beginning of the main sequence phase, which can last billions of years. During this time, the star remains relatively stable, emitting light and heat.
When a star exhausts its hydrogen fuel, it leaves the main sequence phase and enters the red giant phase. The core contracts while the outer layers expand and cool. Depending on the mass of the star, it may then shed its outer layers and become a white dwarf, or if massive enough, undergo a supernova explosion. Supernovae can result in the formation of neutron stars or black holes.
What initiates the formation of a protostar?
A. Nuclear fusion begins
B. A supernova explosion
C. Gravity causes gas and dust to collapse
D. The star exhausts its hydrogen fuel
C. Gravity causes gas and dust to collapse.
The diversity of research methodologies employed in interdisciplinary studies _______ comprehensive understanding of complex phenomena.
A. facilitate
B. facilitates
C. facilitating
D. have facilitated
B. facilitates
Since prehistoric people first applied natural pigments to cave walls, ______ have painted to express themselves.
A. when artists
B. artists
C. artists who
D. that artists
B. artists
Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through November, with the peak of the hurricane season in September; only rarely will they occur from December through April in that part of the ocean. The main reason for the occurrence of hurricanes during this period is that the temperature on the water’s surface is at its warmest and the humidity of the air is at its highest.
Of the tropical storms that occur each year in the North Atlantic, only about five, on the average, are powerful enough to be called hurricanes. To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical storm must have winds reaching speeds of at least 117 kilometers per hour, but the winds are often much stronger than that; the winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass 240 kilometers (10) per hour.
The passage mainly discusses …
A. The history of hurricanes
B. The causes, season, and characteristics of hurricanes in the North Atlantic
C. The effects of hurricanes on the United States
D. The different types of tropical storms
B. The causes, season, and characteristics of hurricanes in the North Atlantic
In 1978 the united States National Air and Space Administration selected Sally Ride…….the first woman astronaut.
A. who being
B. to be
C. and being
D. was
B. to be
The railroad was not the first institution to impose regularity on society, or to draw attention to the importance of precise timekeeping. For as long as merchants have set out their wares at daybreak and communal festivities have been celebrated, people have been in rough agreement with their neighbors as to the time of day. The value of this tradition is today more apparent than ever. Were it not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of time, social life would be unbearably chaotic: the massive daily transfers of goods, services, and information would proceed in fits and starts; the very fabric of modern society would begin to unravel.
What is the main idea of the passage?
A. In modern society we must make more time for our neighbors.
B. The traditions of society are timeless.
C. An accepted way of measuring time is essential for the smooth functioning of society.
D. Society judges people by the times at which they conduct certain activities.
C. An accepted way of measuring time is essential for the smooth functioning of society.
_______ comprehensive literature review and theoretical analysis, researchers develop robust conceptual frameworks.
A. Conducting
B. Having conducted
C. To conduct
D. Conducted
A. Conducting
About 42 million bushels of oats are used annually ______ manufacture of breakfast foods in the United States.
A. the
B. is the
C. in the
D. to
C. in the
One identifying characteristic of minerals is their relative hardness, which can be determined by scratching one mineral with another. In this type of test, a harder mineral can scratch a softer one, but a softer mineral is unable to scratch the harder one. The Mohs’ hardness scale is used to rank minerals according to hardness. Ten minerals are listed in this scale, ranging from talc with a hardness of 1 to diamond with a hardness of 10. On this scale, quartz (number 7) is harder than feldspar (number 6) and is therefore able to scratch it; however, feldspar is unable to make a mark on quartz.
The main idea of this passage is that …
A. Diamond is the hardest mineral on Earth.
B. Quartz is harder than feldspar.
C. The hardness of minerals can be determined and ranked using the Mohs’ hardness scale.
D. Minerals can scratch other minerals with different hardness levels.
C. The hardness of minerals can be determined and ranked using the Mohs’ hardness scale.
Adhesions are ……. formed within the body in response to inflammation or injury.
A. that thin bands of scar tissue
B. they thin bands of scar tissue when
C. thin bands of scar tissue
D. thin bands of scar tissue able to
C. thin bands of scar tissue
Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through November, with the peak of the hurricane season in September; only rarely will they occur from December through April in that part of the ocean. The main reason for the occurrence of hurricanes during this period is that the temperature on the water’s surface is at its warmest and the humidity of the air is at its highest.
Of the tropical storms that occur each year in the North Atlantic, only about five, on the average, are powerful enough to be called hurricanes. To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical storm must have winds reaching speeds of at least 117 kilometers per hour, but the winds are often much stronger than that; the winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass 240 kilometers (10) per hour.
The best title for this passage would be ….
A. The History of Hurricanes
B. Storms of the Northern Atlantic
C. The Dangers of Tropical Storms
D. How Hurricanes Affect the Environment
B. Storms of the Northern Atlantic
The successful integration of sustainability principles _______ long-term organizational viability and competitive advantage.
A. enhance
B. enhances
C. enhancing
D. have enhanced
B. enhances
Any acid can, in principle, neutralize any base, although ______ between some of the more reactive compounds.
A. side reactions can occur
B. the occurrence of side reactions can
C. can side reactions occur
D. side reactions that can occur
A. side reactions can occur
Coral reefs are among the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth, providing habitat for marine life and protection for coastlines. However, they are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature. As global temperatures rise due to climate change, coral bleaching events have become more frequent. Bleaching occurs when corals expel the algae (zooxanthellae) that live in their tissues, causing them to turn white and become more vulnerable to disease.
The loss of coral reefs has a ripple effect on marine biodiversity and local economies, particularly those that depend on tourism and fishing. Efforts to combat coral bleaching include reducing carbon emissions, promoting sustainable fishing, and restoring damaged reefs through coral gardening techniques. While the problem is global, local actions can still make a meaningful difference.
What causes coral bleaching?
A. Overfishing
B. Rising water temperatures due to climate change
C. Coral gardening
D. Increased tourism
B. Rising water temperatures due to climate change
The planet Neptune is about 30 times …… from the Sun as Earth is.
A. far
B. as far
C. more far
D. far that
B. as far
The deepest that any person can get below the surface of Earth is to the bottom of the deepest mine, a mere 4 kilometers; the deepest hole ever drilled into Earth’s crust reached less than 20 kilometers below the surface. Although the details of Earth’s gravitational and magnetic fields give some extra information about what is going on inside Earth, for the most part our understanding of Earth’s interior is still dependent on the detection of seismic waves, the vibrations caused by earthquakes. These waves travel through Earth and are reflected and refracted by boundaries between different layers of rock.
The word “mere” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
A. approximate
B. insignificant
C. measured
D. lengthy
B. Insignificant