Phylogeny
This term refers to the evolutionary history and relationships of a species or group of species.
phylogeny
This is a well-defined feature of a taxonomic unit that can have two or more mutually exclusive states.
character
This “omics” field studies the genetic makeup of an organism
genomics
Proposed by Zuckerkandl and Pauling in 1962, the molecular clock hypothesis states that genetic differences accumulate proportional to this
divergence time
his scientist proposed a five-kingdom system that recognized Fungi as a separate kingdom.
Robert Whittaker
Unlike phylogeny, this term refers to the development of an organism, particularly the development of embryos.
ontogeny
In phylogenetics, this type of similarity results from convergent evolution rather than common ancestry.
analogy
This type of database contains experimentally derived information about sequences or structures and their associated annotations.
primary database
These mutations are particularly useful for molecular clocks because they tend to accumulate at a relatively constant rate over time.
neutral mutations
The older classification placed all prokaryotic organisms into one grour. Molecular evidence subsequently revealed two distinct major groups.
What is this group
Monera
In an unrooted tree, the internal branch is referred to as the _______ branch
central
This type of homology results from speciation.
orthology
Bioinformatics uses computational tools to acquire, analyze, and ______ molecular data.
visualize
A gene evolves at a substantially different rate in two lineages. Which type of molecular clock is designed to account for differences in evolutionary rates?
relaxed molecular clock
A 2023 proposal by van der Gulik et al. suggested adding this highest rank above Domain (Latin: mundis) to encompass non-cellular entities like viruses.
World
On a phylogenetic tree, a branch point leading to multiple lineages that represents an unresolved pattern of divergence is called this.
polytomy
This type of homology results from gene duplication
paralogy
In Sanger sequencing, growing chains are terminatef by______
ddNTPs; dideoxynucleotide
To calibrate a molecular clock, researchers can use this type of evidence to determine when organisms last shared a common ancestor.
fossil record
Under the two-domain hypothesis, eukaryotes arose when an Asgard-like archaeal host engulfed an aerobic bacterium that evolved into this organelle.
mitochondrion
Two organisms independently evolve similar structures because they adapt to similar environments. This evolutionary process can make the organisms appear closely related even when they are not.
convergent evolution
Several possible cladograms are constructed for a group of organisms. Under this method, the preferred cladogram is the one requiring the fewest evolutionary steps
maximum parsimony
What does NCBI stand for?
National Center for Biotechnology Information
Researchers determine that a molecular sequence accumulated 20 substitutions over 10 million years.
Using this rate, how many substitutions would they expect after another 5 million years, assuming the rate remains constant?
10 substitutions
This technique allows researchers to sequence DNA directly from environmental samples without needing to culture microbes in a lab.
metagenomics