European Powers
What two countries emerged as the dominant European powers during early exploration?
Portugal and Spain
What two countries were the main enemies during the Hundred Years' War?
England and France
Who won the English throne and began the Tudor Dynasty?
Henry VII
What two religions were represented by England and Spain during their rivalry?
Protestantism in England and Catholicism in Spain
Why did England eventually seek an empire?
To compete with Spain, Portugal, and France
What was Portugal's main goal in exploring the western coast of Africa?
To become the wealthiest kingdom
When did the Hundred Years' War take place?
1337–1453
Who did Henry VIII marry to build international ties?
Catherine of Aragon
What was state-sanctioned piracy?
English ships plundering Spanish ships carrying valuable cargo
What did England's Civil Wars influence about the colonies?
How they were financed, structured, and ruled
What treaty divided the world between Portugal and Spain?
The Treaty of Tordesillas
What was the War of the Roses?
A bloody civil war among the English nobility
Why did Henry VIII want an annulment?
He wanted to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon because they had not produced a male heir
What was the Spanish Armada?
A massive Spanish fleet sent to invade England
Why did England's Civil Wars happen?
Religious and political struggles over the power of the king, nobility, and Parliament
Why did France and England initially lag behind Portugal and Spain?
Because of Anglo-French rivalry and internal turmoil
What happened to England after withdrawing from France?
It became inward-looking and impoverished
What church did Henry VIII establish after breaking from Catholicism?
The Anglican Church
What happened to much of the Spanish Armada in 1588?
Storms sank a large portion of the fleet
How did colonies benefit the English government regarding political and religious dissidents?
They provided a place to send dissidents and reduce unrest in England
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas establish for Portugal and Spain?
Their privileged status in exploration
What were the two major political sides during the English Civil Wars?
Kings seeking greater/absolute power and Parliament/nobility seeking a stronger role in government
Why did the Pope refuse Henry VIII's request for an annulment?
Catherine's nephew was the Holy Roman Emperor
What was one major result of the Spanish Armada's defeat?
Spain's power declined while British power and English exploration/colonization increased
Why did colonies appeal to oppressed people in England?
They offered an escape from political persecution, religious restrictions, and economic problems