Evolution, History & Domestication
While natural selection non-randomly selects for or against existing variations, this foundational mechanism introduces new genetic diversity into populations completely at random.
What is mutation?
Being inexpensive is one reason these animals are widely used as research animals
What are mice/rats
Name the four main tissue types.
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous
This is the location of a gene on a chromosome.
What is a locus?
define and provide one example of qualitative vs quantitative traits.
Qualitative traits- described, categorically, limited variables
Quantitative- can be measured, numerical
federal legislation that grants public land to states to establish colleges focused on practical agriculture, science, engineering, and military science.
what is a land grant?
In laboratory animal research ethics, this foundational "3 Rs" framework guides humane animal protocols.
What are Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement?
This organelle uses hydrolytic enzymes to to digest large molecules and cellular waste
What is the lysosome?
During prophase 1, homologous chromosomes align closely in this process before exchanging chromosome segments.
What is synapsis?
This factor impacting genetic improvement is the phenotypic advantage of the animals chosen to be parents in relation to the average for the population
What is the selection differential
This upper-lip curling and head-extension behavior in ruminants and horses transfers fluid-borne pheromones and hormones into the vomeronasal organ for chemical perception.
What is the Flehmen response?
This tissue is avascular, exhibits distinct apical and basal polarity, and relies entirely on diffusion from underlying connective tissues for nutrients.
What is epithelial tissue?
the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 is called.
What is crossing over?
In what ways are co dominance and epistasis different.
What is...
Epistasis masks or modifies the effects of another gene, while the co dominance expresses both genes if the animal is heterozygous?
Name the basic principles of natural selection
What is...
Ability to Vary
Reproduce in Excess
Changing Environment
repetitive behavior with no apparent end goal or function (often stemming from boredom or restrictive environments)?
what is stereotypic behavior?
Uses ATP to drive ions against their concentration gradient
What is primary active transport?
Breeding animals of the same breed whose lines are unrelated for at least 4-6 generations is classified as this mating system.
What is outcrossing?
Increased productivity of crossbred progeny above average of breeds or lines that are crossed is called this Why is this crossing favorable?
What is Hybrid Vigor?
This is favorable because it limits the presence of unfavorable recessive genes expressed, and combines favorable dominant genes
identify three common measures of welfare indicators in farm animals.
What is behavior, lameness prevelence, acts of abuse, poor hygiene, injury prevalence, frequency of disease, BCS, air quality, abnormal stereotypic behavior, tail biting or feather picking
Rank the cell structures in organizational level smallest functional unit to largest.
What is cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism?
Mendel's principal stating that the alleles of genes on non homologous chromosomes sort independently into gametes called this.
What is independent assortment?
Explain the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids
sister chromatids are identical copies formed by DNA replication of a chromosome, both sections are linked together by the centromere to form a chromosome.
Homologous chromosomes are a matched pair of chromosomes.