Nervous System
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
The central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Which brain structure regulates basic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Medulla
In classical conditioning, what is a stimulus that naturally produces a response called?
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be what?
Repeated
What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.
What part of a neuron receives information from other neurons?
Dendrites
Which lobe processes visual information?
Occipital lobe
What is the process in which a conditioned response becomes weaker and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement adds something; negative reinforcement removes something. Both increase behavior
What type of learning occurs when someone learns by watching another person's behavior?
Observational learning
What principle states that an action potential either occurs completely or does not occur at all?
The all-or-none principle
Which brain structure is strongly associated with memory?
Hippocampus
After a conditioned response has been extinguished, it suddenly returns after a period of rest. What is this called?
Spontaneous recovery
A student studies hard because their parents give them money for every A they earn. What type of consequence is this?
Positive reinforcement
What is learning that occurs without an obvious behavioral change until there is a reason to demonstrate it?
Latent learning
Name one neurotransmitter from Chapter 3 and identify a function associated with it
Dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, or endorphins, with the appropriate function
Damage to which area would most directly interfere with producing speech?
Broca's area
A dog has learned to salivate when it hears a particular bell. It begins salivating when it hears other similar bells. What concept does this demonstrate?
Stimulus generalization
A child cleans their room so their parent will stop nagging them. What type of reinforcement is this?
Negative reinforcement
What is it called when an individual learns that their actions have little or no effect on outcomes and eventually stops trying to change the situation?
Learned helplessness
A signal travels down the axon and reaches the axon terminals, where neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap. What process is being described?
Neural communication across a synapse
What major structure is severed in split-brain patients, creating problems with communication between the two hemispheres?
The corpus callosum
In Little Albert's conditioning, a loud noise naturally caused Albert to become frightened. What were the UCS and UCR?
UCS = loud noise; UCR = fear response
Why can punishment be problematic even when it decreases a behavior?
The material identifies problems with punishment and emphasizes that punishment should be used effectively rather than simply relying on it to change behavior.
A student watches another student become anxious after receiving a poor grade. Later, the first student becomes anxious when receiving their own exam, even though they have not personally experienced a poor grade. What type of learning is demonstrated?
Vicarious conditioning