Enlightenment
What was the Enlightenment?
The Age of Reason, when people began using reason instead of relying on the Church.
What was the French Revolution?
A rebellion by the French people against the existing government and social system.
Who was Napoleon?
A French military leader who came to power promising order.
What was the Agrarian Revolution?
A period when farming methods changed and improved.
What is capitalism?
An economic system in which businesses are privately owned and operated for profit.
Who were the three major Enlightenment thinkers?
John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, and Voltaire.
What were the three estates in France?
First Estate: clergy; Second Estate: nobility; Third Estate: common people.
What was the Napoleonic Code?
A legal code that included legal equality for citizens and religious toleration.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Great Britain.
What is socialism?
An economic system focused on social ownership and the welfare of everyone.
What were John Locke's three natural rights?
Life, liberty, and property.
What prison did the French people storm?
The Bastille.
Name one achievement of Napoleon.
He improved roads and canals, supported industries, or established public schools.
Who improved the steam engine?
James Watt.
What is laissez-faire?
The belief that businesses should operate with little government interference.
What did Montesquieu believe about government?
Government power should be separated into different branches.
What were the four main causes of the French Revolution?
Absolute monarchy, social inequality, economic injustice, and Enlightenment ideas.
At which two battles was Napoleon defeated?
The Battle of Leipzig and the Battle of Waterloo.
What was the Enclosure Movement?
Replacing small strip farms with larger enclosed fields.
Who was Karl Marx?
A thinker who believed the working class would overthrow capitalism and create a new society.
What did Voltaire believe in, and what is nationalism?
Voltaire supported free speech. Nationalism is strong pride in one's nation.
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
A document that abolished special privileges and included ideas about rights and equality.
Who led the Haitian independence struggle against France, and what type of warfare was used?
Toussaint Louverture led the struggle, and guerrilla warfare used surprise attacks by small groups.
What is urbanization?
The movement of people from rural areas to cities where factories were located.
What were working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution?
Workers faced long hours, dangerous machines, and poor working conditions.