Joints + Cartilage
1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Diarthrosis
When blood calcium concentration decreases, which hormonal response normally helps restore it?
A. Calcitonin release increases osteoclast activity
B. Parathyroid hormone release increases, promoting calcium mobilisation
C. Insulin release directly dissolves bone
D. Osteoblasts stop all bone formation permanently
Which type of receptor is located in the cytosol and is activated by steroid hormones?
A. Ligand-gated ion channel
B. G-protein coupled receptor
C. Kinase-linked receptor
D. Nuclear receptor
What does NSAID stand for?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
What are two sources of clinical knowledge that are not necessarily evidence based?
Clinical Experience and Pathophysiology
The two layers of cartilage perichondrium.
1. Outer fibrous layer
2. Inner chondrogenic layer
What are the 3 types of sutures?
Plane, Lap, and Sarrate
In Year 1, pharmacology covers two broad areas: pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD).
Which statement correctly describes them?
a) PK is the action of the body on the drug, and PD is the action of the drug on the body
b) PK is the action of the drug on the body, and PD is the action of the body on the drug
c) PK is the study of drug costs, and PD is the study of drug doses
d) PK and PD both describe how a drug is named
a) PK is the action of the body on the drug, and PD is the action of the drug on the body
Explain what the difference is between a drug and a medicine?
A drug is any substance that is taken into the body to change the way it normally works. A medicine is a substance taken into the body with therapeutic intent.
Why might medical practice effectiveness differ in separate locations, name three reasons?
- Socioeconomic factors
- Demographic factors
- Healthcare system differences
- Cultural factors
- Average socioeconomic status
The 6 types of synovial joints.
1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and socket
Do the femurs of foetuses form by appositional interstitial growth or appositional growth?
Trick question: endochondral ossification. Its hyaline cartilage precursor is formed by appositional and interstitial growth, while growth after birth continues as interstitial (from the epiphyseal plate) and appositional (from the periosteum) growth.
According to the slides, what is the main focus of Year 2 pharmacology in the medical program?
a) An introduction to the study of drug effects on the body, covering the broad areas of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
b) Integrating foundation knowledge into the clinical assessment and management of patients, including Quality Use of Medicines (QUM)
c) How therapeutic classes act on physiological or pathophysiological targets, including dose-response relationships, routes of administration and pharmacogenomics
d) Writing hospital formularies to restrict antibiotics and reduce resistance
c) How therapeutic classes act on physiological or pathophysiological targets, including dose-response relationships, routes of administration and pharmacogenomics
What are the two things a drug’s mechanism of action tells us?
Site of action (e.g. B2 Adrenergic receptor) and the action at the site (e.g. inhibits)
What are the three components that must be integrated to make evidence-based clinical decisions?
The best available research evidence, clinical expertise and patient values.
The 3 types of cartilage.
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Elastic Cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage
A 2yo girl is bought in by her mum cos she is slow to walk and her legs are bowed. She was exclusively breastfed, has dark skin, wears full-coverage clothing outdoors and never received vitamin D supplements. Examination shows widened wrists, prominent costochondral junctions and frontal bossing (protruding forehead). Bloods: Ca2+ low-normal, phosphate low, ALP (alkaline phosphate - used by osteoblasts) raised, 25-OH vitamin D very low Wrist X-ray: distal radial physis widened, cupped and frayed.
Which explanation of the widened growth plate and bowed legs is correct?
A: too little calcium and phosphate to mineralise the matrix: hypertrophic cartilage cartilage is not replaced by bone, so the plate widens, and unmineralised osteoid bows under load
B: PTH driven osteoclast overactivity destroys calcified cartilage and metaphysal trebeculae and widens the plate; the matrix that remains is mineralised normally; and the bowing reflects loss of bone
C: chondrocytes in the zone of proliferation proliferate too much and widen the plate, while mineralisation, osteoid production and vascular invasion proceed normally; the bowing reflects excessive longitudinal bone growth
D: osteoblasts in the zone of ossification cannot make type I collagen osteoid, so the plate widens; calcium and phosphate metabolism remain normal and the bowing reflects an organic matrix defect
A cos the low Ca and phosphate absorbed due to low vit D are not present to calcify or ossify the bone in zone 4-5 of endochondral ossification
Salbutamol is a beta-2 (β2) adrenergic receptor agonist used in asthma to cause bronchodilation. A predictable adverse effect is tachycardia (a fast heart rate). Why does this happen?
a) Salbutamol directly blocks beta-1 (β1) receptors in the heart
b) Salbutamol inhibits cyclooxygenase in heart muscle
c) Salbutamol causes bronchoconstriction, which lowers oxygen levels
d) β2 receptors are also found in skeletal muscle, where activating them causes vasodilation, and the heart rate changes by reflex to restore blood pressure
d) β2 receptors are also found in skeletal muscle, where activating them causes vasodilation, and the heart rate changes by reflex to restore blood pressure
From a pharmacological perspective, if a drug binds and blocks endogenous stimulation but does not enact a receptor-mediated response, does it have efficacy and affinity?
The drug would have affinity because it binds the receptor, but it wouldn’t have efficacy because it doesn’t enact a response from the receptor; it stops the receptor from enacting a response
A clinic gives chronic pain patients a magnetic bracelet, and 80% report immediate relief. However, unknown to the patients, the bracelets are rigged with a hidden mechanism that gently heats up against the skin via a thermal battery, triggering a natural localized blood flow response that physically blocks pain signalling. Does the link between wearing the bracelet and the pain relief demonstrate correlation or causation?
A study reveals that people who regularly buy premium, high-end running shoes suffer significantly fewer knee injuries than those who buy budget brands. However, the premium shoe buyers also happen to run primarily on soft, expensive indoor tracks rather than hard concrete sidewalks. Does this finding demonstrate correlation or causation?
Answer: Causation
Answer: Correlation