Cell Energetics
What are the two classifications of metabolic pathways?
Catabolic/exergonic and Anabolic/endergonic
What is the name of the small messaging molecule used to transmit messages between cells?
Ligand/hormone
What greek letter is used to represent water pontential?
psi(ψ)
What is the name of the genetic error when a pair of homologous chromosomes doesn't disconnect properly?
Nondisjunction
What are the two types of cellular reproduction?
Sexual and Asexual
What are the three components of ATP?
Adenine, ribose, and phosphates
What is the name of the path a message follows to activate a cellular component?
A signal transduction pathway/cascade
In terms of water potential, in which direction does water travel between two solutions?
From high to low water potential
What are the four inheritance patterns seen on a pedigree?
Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, X-linked dominant, and X-linked Recessive
What is the name of the condensed DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes?
Chromatin
What is the name of the enzyme that transports H+ ions out of the thylakoid, using the generated energy to phosphorylate ADP?
ATP Synthase
What is the most common end location of a transduction pathway, and for what purpose?
The nucleus, to activate a gene necessary for the production of a protein
Which three states can a cellular environment be in, in relation to the surrounding area?
Hypertonic, Hypotonic, and Isotonic
What are the usual 23rd chromosomes for a human woman, and how do these differ from the typical man?
Women have two X chromosomes, men have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.
What are the stages of mitosis, of which some are repeated during meiosis?
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase & Cytokinesis
What are the two types of fermentation?
Alcohol and Lactic Acid
How do protein kinases activate each other throughout the transduction pathway?
Phosphorylation
A cell is seen with a shriveled/shrunken appearance. What is the likely solute concentration of the solution outside the cell?
High concentration
What is the name of the second generation of a testcross, the offspring between purebred parents of AABB and aabb?
The F1 generation
A cell at the beginning of meiosis has two pairs of homologous chromosomes. At the end of meiosis, how many will each of the resulting gametes possess?
Two non-homologous chromosomes
What are the four main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, The Link Reaction, The Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What are the four types of extracellular signalling?
Autocrine, Juxtacrine, Paracrine, Endocrine
Which two factors determine the water potential of a solution?
Solute potential and pressure potential
What are the names of the five enzymes that participate in DNA replication?
DNA Primase, DNA Ligase, DNA Topoisomerase, DNA Helicase, DNA Polymerase
What are the 5 stages of the cell cycle, and what occurs during each stage?
G1 - Copying of organelles, S - DNA replication, G2 - Protein production, Mitosis - Splitting of cells, Cytokinesis - Division of cytoplasm