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During the early 20th century, what is one reason agriculture began to change in Virginia?
-old systems of farming were no longer effective
-mechanization and improvements in transportation occurred
-low crop prices
Why did many Virginians move from rural to urban areas during the 20th and 21st centuries?
They were looking for economic opportunities.
What was the effect of technological developments in transportation, like railroads and streetcars?
New kinds of transportation helped cities grow.
What industry led to the growth of towns in Virginia as people moved from the countryside to find jobs?
coal mining
During the 20th century, what area of Virginia grew as more federal government jobs were offered there?
Northern Virginia
Why did both Northern Virginia and the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region grow during the late 20th and early 21st centuries?
computer technology
What Virginian was a 20th century United States president who wrote a plan for world peace?
Woodrow Wilson
How did George C. Marshall, an American military leader, impact America’s role in the world?
He created an economic plan to ensure world peace.
What is segregation?
the separation of people (usually based on religion or race)
What word means the abolishment, or legal end, of racial segregation?
desegregation
What word means the full equality of people of all races in the use of public facilities and services?
integration
What was the ruling in the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education?
“Separate but equal” public schools were ruled unconstitutional.
After the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, what were all public schools ordered to do?
desegregate
Virginia’s government fought to resist the integration of public schools. Some schools closed. What was this policy called?
Massive Resistance
Who led the Massive Resistance Movement in Virginia against the desegregation of public schools?
Harry F. Byrd, Sr.
Did Massive Resistance succeed?
No. It failed, and Virginia’s public schools were integrated.
What do Harry F. Byrd, Sr., A. Linwood Holton, Jr., and L. Douglas Wilder have in common?
All three men were governors of Virginia.
Who was the first African American woman in the United States to establish a bank and become a bank president?
Maggie L. Walker
Harry F. Byrd, Sr. was known for leading the Massive Resistance Movement in Virginia. What is he also known for doing?
He created a “pay-as-you-go” policy for road improvements and he modernized Virginia state government.
As a lawyer, Oliver W. Hill, Sr. played a key role in what Supreme Court case?
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Oliver W. Hill, Sr. was a civil rights leader as well as a lawyer. For which group did he work to gain equal rights?
African Americans
Who was the first African American winner of a major men’s tennis singles championship?
Arthur R. Ashe, Jr.
Arthur R. Ashe, Jr. is well known in the sports world. What other contributions did he make?
He was an author and an eloquent spokesperson for social change.
What governor of Virginia promoted racial equality, appointing more African Americans and women to positions in state government than previous governors?
A. Linwood Holton, Jr.
Who was the first African American to be elected a state governor in the United States (as governor of Virginia)?
L. Douglas Wilder
Why was the United States Constitution amended in 1920?
It was amended to give women the right to vote.
What was the Great Depression?
a period of harsh economic conditions worldwide during the 1930s
How were Virginians affected by the Great Depression?
Many lost their jobs, homes, farms, and businesses.
How did the federal government try to help people during the Great Depression?
They established New Deal programs to provide jobs and ease hardships.
What Virginia high school student-led a student strike against segregation in 1951?
Barbara Johns