Immune
These two broad classes of molecular signals are detected by pattern recognition receptors during sepsis.
What are PAMPs and DAMPs
This Anaplasma species infects platelets and causes infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia.
What is Anaplasma platys?
These two Toxoplasma stages are responsible for rapid dissemination and persistent tissue infection, respectively.
What are tachyzoites and bradyzoites?
This term describes sterile chemical inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma following aspiration of gastric contents, without an established bacterial infection.
What is aspiration pneumonitis?
The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial compared this bedside perfusion parameter wwith lactate-guided resuscitation and showed a numerically lower 28-day mortality rate.
This anti-inflammatory cytokine inhibits macrophage production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and contributes to the compensatory anti-inflammatory response during sepsis.
What is interleukin-10 (IL-10)?
This tick-borne protozoan causes shock in cats through obstruction of small venules by schizont-laden monocytes, often followed by severe nonregenerative anemia.
What is Cytauxzoon felis?
Development of FIP is associated with a shift in feline coronavirus cell tropism from intestinal epithelial cells to these immune cells, allowing efficient systemic viral replication.
What are monocytes and macrophages?
This genus of bacteria lacks a cell wall, making beta-lactam antibiotics such as amoxicillin and amoxicillin–clavulanate ineffective against it.
What is Mycoplasma?
According to the 2026 ACVECC consensus definition, sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome associated with a dysregulated host response to infection that results in THIS.
What is organ dysfunction?
This Toll-like receptor recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria and plays a major role in initiating the inflammatory response to endotoxin.
What is Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)?
This tick species is the primary vector for Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the northeastern United States.
What is Ixodes scapularis?
This ocular condition is a recognized manifestation of feline toxoplasmosis even in the absence of systemic disease.
What is uveitis (anterior uveitis and posterior uveitis (chorioretinitis))?
These innate immune structures, composed of extracellular chromatin and antimicrobial proteins, may worsen aspiration-associated lung injury through excessive inflammation, thrombosis, and tissue damage.
What are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?
These three mechanisms are principally responsible for pathologic vasodilation and reduced responsiveness to endogenous vasopressors during septic shock.
What are (1) activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, (2) increased nitric oxide production, and (3) relative vasopressin depletion?
Activation of TLR and NLR signaling pathways leads to activation of this transcription factor, which promotes expression of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and other inflammatory mediators.
What is nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)?
This tick transmits Ehrlichia canis, the cause of canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis.
What is Rhipicephalus sanguineus (the brown dog tick)?
According to the internal mutation theory of FIP pathogenesis, mutations in these two feline coronavirus genes are associated with the development of the virulent FIP biotype.
What are the 3c and spike (S) genes?
Mutations in the 3c gene are associated with altered intestinal replication, while mutations in the spike gene are implicated in changes in viral tropism and systemic spread.
This bacterial pathogen should be suspected in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease complex that develop acute hemorrhagic pneumonia or sudden death.
What is Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus?
This physiologic process explains why lactate concentrations may increase in septic patients even in the absence of tissue hypoxia.
What is catecholamine-stimulated aerobic glycolysis?
Beta-adrenergic stimulation increases glycolytic flux and pyruvate production. Excess pyruvate is converted to lactate even when oxygen availability is adequate.
This bacterial structural protein is recognized by Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), triggering innate immune signaling and a proinflammatory response.
What is flagellin?
Morulae observed within neutrophils cannot reliably distinguish between these two pathogens, requiring PCR or DNA sequencing for species identification.
What are Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia ewingii?
This cytokine, produced by FIPV-infected monocytes and macrophages, is implicated in increased vascular permeability and the protein-rich effusions characteristic of wet FIP.
What is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)?
According to the ISCAID guidelines, pyothorax in both dogs and cats is most commonly associated with mixed infections involving this category of bacteria.
What are anaerobic bacteria?
This multicenter human trial compared restrictive and liberal red blood cell transfusion thresholds of hemoglobin less than 7 versus 9 g/dL in septic shock and found no difference in mortality or ischemic events.
What is the TRISS trial?