Immune system
These phagocytic cells represent the most robust immune cell population in the body, making up approximately 60% to 70% of all circulating leukocytes
Neutrophils
Located at the base of the brain and often referred to as the "master gland," this organ secretes at least six different peptide hormones that regulate various bodily functions
Anterior Pituitary
In clinical settings, a patient is classified as having this condition if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is 30 or greater.
Obesity
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that children and adolescents accumulate at least this many minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity every day.
60 minutes
lthough radiation, conduction, and convection contribute to heat exchange at rest, this process is the body’s primary heat loss mechanism during physical activity, especially in dry environments
Evaporation
While these innate immune cells show the most dramatic increase during acute physical activity, they also experience the most significant decrease below baseline levels in the hours following heavy exertion
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
This group of hormones, which includes growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon, is given this collective name because their primary role during exercise is to oppose the storage effects of insulin
Counterregulatory Hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, etc.
This clinical condition is diagnosed when an individual presents with three or more of the following: central adiposity, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension, or high fasting blood glucose.
Metabolic Syndrome
After the first trimester, pregnant women are advised to avoid exercises in this specific position because the weight of the fetus can compress the aorta and inferior vena cava, potentially leading to dizziness or fainting.
The supine position
While the concentration of oxygen in the air remains at 21% regardless of altitude, the amount of oxygen available to the body decreases at high altitudes because of a significant drop in this.
Atmospheric Pressure
This classic hypothesis states that severe exercise is followed by a period of immunosuppression lasting between 1 and 24 hours, potentially increasing an athlete's risk of developing an upper respiratory tract infection
While most hormones act on receptors, this specific rate-limiting enzyme is upregulated by insulin to facilitate the uptake and storage of triglycerides into fat cells
LPL (lipoprotein lipase)
This motivational theory revolves around the 3 primary psychosocial needs.
Self-Determination Theory
This developmental phenomenon describes why children born in the first few months of an academic or selection year are often mistaken for more talented athletes simply because they have reached physical maturation sooner than their younger peers.
The relative age effect
Created by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of heat and sunlight, this secondary pollutant is a major component of smog and peaks during the times athletes are most likely to train
Studies on biological aging found that physically active individuals had longer THESE that were approximately 200 nucleotides longer than sedentary peers, representing a difference of roughly 10 years of aging
Telomeres
Most protein hormones cannot enter a cell directly and must rely on Adenylate Cyclase found on the inner cell membrane to convert ATP into THIS, the "second messenger"
Cyclic AMP
This specific clinical test uses ultrasound to measure the ability of an artery to dilate in response to shear stress after a period of induced stasis, serving as a primary marker for endothelial function.
Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD)
To maintain an independent lifestyle into old age, an individual typically requires a minimum VO2 max of this value to perform basic activities like walking up a slight incline.
20ml/kg/min
In the cold shock response, breathing rate (increases or decreases)
Increases
The activation of this specific intracellular protease is a definitive indicator that a cell, such as a circulating lymphocyte after intensive exercise, is programmed to undergo apoptosis
Caspase 3
Found in the hypothalamus, these specific neurons—named for the three neuropeptides they co-express—become hyperactive when estrogen is unreliable, serving as the central driver for menopausal hot flashes
KNDy neurons
This stage of the Transtheoretical model comes after Action
Preparation
During the late follicular phase, rising levels of estrogen cause a negative feedback loop that drops the production of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH); however, one "dominant follicle" is able to survive because of this.
A larger number of receptors.
During long-term altitude acclimatization, the body increases the production of this byproduct of glycolysis, which facilitates a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to improve the unloading of oxygen at the tissues
2-3-DPG