Cell Signaling
This word describes a signaling molecule that binds to a receptor’s binding site.
what is a ligand?
Kinases add this chemical group to target proteins.
what is a phosphate group?
The thinnest cytoskeletal elements, they are polymers of actin.
what is a microfilament?
Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) that attach cells to other cells
what are cadherins?
The layer of skin that supports the epidermis and supplies it with nutrients.
what is the dermis?
In this type of signaling, the signaling cell and the responding cell are the same cell.
what is autocrine signaling?
These enzymes remove phosphate groups from activated proteins, helping to terminate a signal.
what is phosphatases?
These hollow tubes are built from α and β tubulin dimers and radiate out from the centrosome.
what are microtubules?
what are integrins?
This process of programmed cell death removes unneeded or damaged cells in a controlled, beneficial way.
what is apoptosis?
Adrenaline, estrogen, and testosterone travel through the bloodstream in this type of long-distance signaling.
what is endocrine signaling?
Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into this second messenger, which activates protein kinase A.
what is cAMP?
Kinesin carries cargo toward the plus end of a microtubule. This motor protein carries cargo toward the minus end.
what is dynein?
This junction uses cadherins to bind the intermediate filaments of adjacent cells.
what is a desmosome?
This stage of cell signaling is a cascade of activating molecules, often amplified at each step.
what is signal transduction?
Growth factors are small, water-soluble signals that diffuse to nearby cells in this type of short-distance signaling.
what is paracrine signaling?
The first thing that happens when a ligand binds to a receptor kinase
what is dimerization?
Microtubules cycle through rapid shortening and slower growth, which helps them quickly find chromosomes during cell division.
what is dynamic instability?
These allow two cells to communicate through joined rings of integral membrane proteins.
What are gap junctions
Metastatic tumor cells must cross this specialized ECM layer of a blood vessel twice, using specific integrins.
what is the basal lamina?
These signaling molecules can cross the cell membrane and bind with intracellular receptors
what is small, nonpolar molecules? (ex: steroids)
This G protein in the MAP kinase pathway is mutated to stay locked on GTP in about 30% of all cancers.
what is Ras?
These are hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell and are made of bundles of actin.
what are microvilli?
The two proteins that help create tight junctions.
what are claudins and occludins?
Microtubules radiate out from here, helping the
cell to maintain its shape
what is the centrosome?