Specific Heat Capacity
Gas Laws
Heat Transfer Methods
Changing State
Wild Card
200

Define Specific Heat Capacity

  • 200: Energy needed to raise 1 kg by 1°C
200

State Boyle's Law.

  • 200: Pressure inversely proportional to volume (constant temp)

200

Name the three methods of heat transfer.

  • 200: Conduction, convection, radiation

200

What is the name of the process when a solid turns into a liquid?

Melting

200

Why does sweating cool the body?

  • Evaporation is endothermic and removes energy
400

How much energy is needed to raise the temperature of 2 kg of water by 5°C?
(Given: c = 4200 J/kg°C)

  • 400: Q = mcΔT → 2 × 4200 × 5 = 42,000 J
400

What happens to the pressure of a gas if its volume is halved (temperature constant)?

  • 400: Pressure doubles

400

Which method of heat transfer does NOT require particles?

  • 400: Radiation

400

What happens to temperature during melting? Why?

It remains constant

400

Why are vacuum flasks good at keeping drinks hot? (2 mechanisms)

  • 400: Vacuum stops conduction/convection, shiny reduces radiation

600

A metal of mass 0.5 kg is heated and gains 2000 J of energy. Its temperature rises by 10°C.
Calculate its specific heat capacity.

  • 600: c = Q / (mΔT) = 2000 / (0.5 × 10) = 400 J/kg°C
600

A gas has volume 4 m³ at pressure 100 kPa. It is compressed to 2 m³.
Find the new pressure.

  • 600: P₂ = 200 kPa

600

Explain convection currents in a liquid being heated.

  • 600: Warm fluid rises, cool fluid sinks → circulation

600

Explain why energy is required during boiling even though temperature stays constant.

  • Energy used to overcome intermolecular forces
600

Why does a black surface cool faster than a shiny surface?

  • 600: Black is better emitter

800

Why do coastal areas have more moderate temperatures than inland areas? (Explain using SHC)

  • 800: Water high SHC → heats/cools slowly → moderates climate
800

Explain what happens to gas pressure when temperature increases at constant volume, in terms of particle motion.

  • 800: Faster particles → more collisions → higher pressure

800

Why are metals good conductors of heat? (particle explanation)

  • 800: Free electrons transfer energy quickly

800

A 2 kg block of ice melts completely at 0°C.

  • Explain what happens at the particle level
  • Describe how energy is used (bonding/intermolecular forces)
  • Describe what happens to the temperature

Particles gain energy, bonds weaken/break, no temp rise

800

A hot object cools faster at the beginning than later. Explain why.

  • 800: Larger temp difference → faster energy transfer

1000

A 1 kg substance cools from 80°C to 20°C, losing 120,000 J of energy.

  • Calculate its specific heat capacity
  • Suggest what type of material it might be (high or low SHC, justify)
  • 1000: c = 120000 / (1 × 60) = 2000 J/kg°C, relatively high SHC, LIQUID
1000

A sealed container has gas at 300 K and pressure 200 kPa.
Temperature increases to 450 K.

  • Calculate new pressure
  • Explain why this happens using kinetic theory
  • P₂ = (450/300) × 200 = 300 kPa
  • More KE → more frequent/forceful collisions
1000

A house loses heat through walls, windows, and roof.

  • Identify the dominant heat transfer method in each
  • Suggest one improvement for windows to reduce heat loss
  • Walls: conduction
  • Windows: radiation → double glazing
  • Roof: convection 
1000

Define Latent Heat

Energy required to change state without temp change

1000

Design an experiment to measure specific heat capacity of a metal block.
Include: apparatus, method, and 1 way to reduce errors.

  • Heater + thermometer + insulation
  • Measure ΔT, energy input (Heater Power x operating time)
  • Reduce heat loss (insulation)
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