Imaging
Do MRI machines release ionizing radiation?
No :) hehe
How do inflammation, swelling, effusion, and edema relate to each other?
Inflammation is a localized physical condition that includes swelling as a reaction to injury or infection. Effusion is swelling within a joint and edema is swelling in other tissues of the body.
Categorize each as vascular or vascular:
bone, muscle, articular cartilage, tendons, fibrocartilage, ligaments
Vascular: bone, muscle, tendon, ligament
Avascular: articular cartilage, fibrocartilage
Name at least three characteristics that impact healing
Age, medical Hx, genetics, health status, severity, Hx of injuries
If it can ____, it can heal.
If it can BLEED, it can heal.
What emits more ionizing radiation, x-rays or CT scans?
CT scans
Describe at least three characteristics of inflammation
1. Reddening
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Pain/tenderness
5. Loss of function
What are at least three functions of fascia?
Separates compartments, supports, provides boundary, insulation, interconnects organs, allows movements, limits infection, impacts proprioception, assist blood flow to heart
What are the healing stages of soft tissues (in general)?
1. inflammatory/acute phase
2. fibroblastic/repair phase
3. maturation/remodel phase
How does articular cartilage repair itself, if it can?
If the injury is isolated to the cartilage, it cannot heal :/
If the injury goes through bone, the inflammatory response will help heal the cartilage
What scan looks at density and can identify osteoporosis?
DEXA
When should you start moving a tendon in the healing process to reduce dense scar formation, influence collagen arrangement, and maintain ROM?
1-6weeks in, usually 3 weeks in
Name a location you can find each of the following:
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage: end of bone
Elastic cartilage: elastic fibers, ear, throat
Fibrocartilage: disc, meniscus, pubic symphysis
What are the healing stages of bone (in general)?
1. Hematoma formation
2. Cellular proliferation
3. Callus formation
4. Ossification
5. Remodeling
In what stage of fracture healing is trabecular bone laid down?
Stage 5-remodeling/maturation
What kind of information do PET scans give?
idk, information about metabolic activity and cancer
Describe at least two characteristics of chronic inflammation
1. Lasts for months to years
2. Does not go through the 3 stages of healing
3. Macrophages have more and constant activation (instead of neutrophils)
4. Can destroy the formation of collagen
5. Increased hormonal response/activity
Name at least 3 soft tissues and at least 3 connective tissues
Soft tissues: muscle, nerves, blood vessels
Connective tissues: tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, fascia, bone
What are a couple stages of healing for ligaments and tendons?
1. Inflammatory phase
2. "Sticky gel" - can become dense scar if not treated correctly
List at least three mechanisms of injury for articular cartilage
Forceful impacts, repetitive smaller impacts, twisting the joint while in weight bearing, progressive wear and tear, poor alignment of joints
What type of imagine is best for looking at complex fractures?
CT scan!
What do the following cells do?!?
Leukocytes (WBC), Neutrophils, Monocytes/Macrophages
Leukocytes: defends the body!
Neutrophils: fight bacteria and fungus, pus
Macrophages: vacuum cleaner
What type of cells, unique to muscle tissue, make muscle so good at regeneration?
Satellite cells
Oh no! You are hurt :(
Talk a little bit about the vascular response in the acute phase
There is an immediate platelet plug and vasoconstriction (5-10min)
Prostaglandins mediate an inflammatory response
Then, there is histamine-induced vasodilation (24-36 hours) making chemical soup :)
How are bone fractures classified?
break pattern, alignment, if the skin is broken