DNA Notes
What are the components that make up a nucleotide?
The components that make up a nucleotide include a base, sugar, and a phosphate.
What are the two variations of the traits?
The two variations of traits is the dominant trait and the recessive trait.
List two ways to express probability.
Two ways to express probability are ratios and percentage.
Define ratio.
A ratio is an expression that compares two quantities.
Name the four bases.
The four bases is Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).
Compare and contrast alleles and genes.
Genes are segments of DNA found in chromosomes that give instructions for producing a certain characteristic. On the other hand, alleles are the different versions of a gene.
How do punnett squares work?
A punnett square shows all the possible alleles that the parents can pass on to their offspring.
Define mutations.
Mutations are changes in the number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA.
What base goes with Adenine?
The base Adenine goes with Thymine.
List the three types of dominance.
The three types of dominance is complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
If a person's genotype is Bb, are they a heterozygous or a homozygous?
If a person's genotype is Bb, they are a heterozygous.
Define percentage.
Percentage is like a ratio that compares a number to 100, and states the number of times a certain outcome might happen out of a hundred chances.
How is DNA replicated?
DNA is replicated by having the two strands that make up DNA separate, then new complementary nucleotides are added. Once the replication is complete, there are two identical DNA molecules.
What is the difference between an acquired trait and an inherited trait?
An acquired trait is a skill that was learned. An inherited trait was inherited by your parents, and doesn't have to be learned.
How can pedigrees trace a trait through generations?
Pedigrees trace a trait through generations, because they show the alleles the ancestors had, and how it got passed down to you.
Define heredity.
Heredity is the passing of genetic material from parents to offspring.
How do mutations affect us?
Mutations affect us by changing the number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA, which can be either beneficial, neutral, or harmful.
If there is one dominant allele and one recessive allele, what will happen?
If there is one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the dominant trait will dominant the recessive trait, so the phenotype would be the dominant trait, but the person still has the recessive trait in them.
How do offsprings receive a recessive trait from their parents?
Offsprings can receive a recessive trait from their parents only if both their parents are heterozygous or homozygous recessives.
Define DNA.
DNA is the genetic material in cells that carries the information that a cell needs to function, grow, and divide.