Economy and Industry
This economic system, based on private ownership and free markets, drove the Industrial Revolution
Capitalism
This Qing-era trading system restricted Western merchants to a single port city and required them to work through licensed Chinese dealers.
Canton system
The frenzied late-19th century competition among European nations to claim territory across Africa is known as this.
Scramble for Africa
This ideology claimed that European races were biologically superior and therefore had the right to colonize others.
Social Darwinism
The build-up of massive armies and navies by European powers in the early 1900s, contributing to WWI, is called this.
Militarism
1916 battle in NE France that involved more than 3 million soldiers and saw more than 1 million casualties (dead and wounded)
Battle of the Somme
This economic system argues that the means of production should be owned collectively by workers.
Socialism
Smaller nations forced to pay goods or money to a more powerful empire were part of this type of relationship.
Tributary system
This rapid-fire weapon, which used its own recoil to reload, gave European armies a decisive advantage over African fighters.
Maxim machine gun
Rudyard Kipling's poem that provided the name to the idea it was Europeans' duty to civilize and govern non-European peoples.
White Man's Burden
This 1919 peace agreement forced Germany to accept blame for WWI, pay reparations, and give up territory.
Treaty of Versailles
US effort to recruit German scientists in the aftermath of WWII
Operation Paperclip
Government laws controlling business practices, working conditions, or environmental standards are called this.
Regulations
This mid-19th century uprising, led by Hong Xiuquan (Jesus's brother), cost millions of lives in southern China.
Taiping Rebellion
Derived from tree bark and used to treat malaria, allowed European colonizers to survive in tropical Africa.
Quinine
These Dutch-descended settlers in South Africa fought two wars against the British to maintain control of their territories.
Boers
Military alliance formed by Western nations in 1949 as a collective defense against the Soviet Union, still exists today.
NATO
The American and Soviet leaders during the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis
John F. Kennedy (JFK) and Nikita Krushchev
The process by which workers negotiate wages and conditions as a group through their union is called this.
Collective bargaining
This powerful Qing empress dowager held real political control of China for decades and initially supported the Boxer Rebellion.
Empress Cixi
This Belgian king personally owned the Congo Free State, responsible for millions of deaths.
Leopold II
Nelson Mandela was the leader of this organization that fought to end apartheid and became South Africa's ruling party after 1994.
African National Congress
This U.S. policy, announced in 1947, pledged American support to any nation threatened by Soviet communist expansion.
Truman Doctrine
Soviet leader who introduced reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika
Mikhail Gorbachev
This byproduct of industrialization — contaminating air, water, and soil — became a growing public health crisis.
Pollution
Japan's victory in this 1894-95 war for control of Korea signaled its rise as a regional imperial power.
Sino-Japanese War
This proposed railway across the African continent from Cairo to Cape Town became a symbol of British imperial ambition.
Trans-African Railroad
Penalties, such as cutting off trade and investment, that were used by the international community to pressure South Africa to end apartheid.
Economic Sanctions
Secret agreement drawn up by Britain and France to divide Middle East territory of the Ottoman Empire after WWI
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Soviet invasion of this Central Asian country turned into a costly proxy war
Afghanistan