Multiple Choice
Multiple Choice
Definitions
Methods for Calculating IOA
Methods for Calculating IOA
100
A(n) _______ measure of the actual behavior of interest will always possess more validity than a(n) _______ measure. A. Indirect, direct B. Direct, indirect C. Discontinuous, continuous D. Reliable, accurate
B. Direct, indirect
100
Which of the following is not a suggested training method for potential observers? A. Select observers carefully B. Train observers to an objective standard of competency C. Use a systematic approach to training D. Explicit feedback about data collection as it relates to the hypothesis
D. Explicit feedback about data collection as it relates to the hypothesis
100
Continuous measurement
Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period. Ex. you note each and every time a behavior occurs
100
Total count IOA
smaller count over larger count multiplied by 100. ex. observer one records behavior having occurred 10x, observer two records behavior having occurred 9x. 9/10 X 100 = 90%
100
Total duration IOA
shorter duration / longer duration X 100 see 117 of Cooper
200
________ measurement is consistent measurement. A. Reliable B. Valid C. Accurate D. Discontinuous
A. Reliable
200
Reliable data are not necessarily _______ data. A. Complete B. Direct C. Accurate D. Real
C. Accurate
200
Discontinuous measurement and examples
Any form of measurement in which some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected. Ex. whole interval recording, momentary time sampling
200
Mean count-per-interval IOA
(int 1 IOA + int 2 IOA + int n IOA) divided by n intervals X 100 ex. look page 116 of Cooper
200
Mean duration-per-occurrence IOA
Duration IOA R1 + Duration IOA R2 + Duration IOA Rn / n responses with Duration IOA X 100 see 117 of Cooper
300
When data give an unwarranted or misleading picture of the behavior because of the way measurement was conducted, the data are called a(n): A. Bias B. Artifact C. Drift D. Variable
B. Artifact
300
Which of the following is not a requisite for obtaining valid IOA measures? A. Use the same observation code and measurement system B. Observe and measure the same participant(s) and events C. Observe and record the behavior independent of any influence from one another D. Score all IOA while sitting side-by-side with another observer
D. Score all IOA while sitting side-by-side with another observer
300
Validity and reliability
Validity: the extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and to the reason(s) for measuring it Reliability: the consistency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values
300
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300
Interval-by-interval IOA
number of intervals agreed / total number of intervals x 100 see 117 of Cooper
400
In general, artifacts can be limited by scheduling ________ observations. A. Indirect B. Infrequent C. Frequent D. Mini
C. Frequent
400
Which of the following is a limitation of total count IOA? A. Provides no assurance that the two observers recorded the same instances of behavior B. Useful for event recording C. Is expressed as percentage of agreement D. Is calculated by dividing the smaller of the counts by the larger count and multiplying by 100
A. Provides no assurance that the two observers recorded the same instances of behavior Example: Observer 1 notes 5 instances of tantrum behavior and Observer 2 notes 5 instances of tantrum behavior. Even though they have the same total count, those counts may have been noted at different times, E.g. observer 1 notes first tantrum at 5:05pm, and observer 2 notes first tantrum at 5:25pm.
400
Interobserver agreement
The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events
400
Exact-count-per-interval IOA
number of intervals with 100% IOA divided by total number of intervals x 100 ex. look page 116 of Cooper
400
Scored interval IOA
Only those intervals where at least one observer recorded an occurrence of the behavior are looked at. The intervals looked at are then given a percentage of how many of those intervals there was an agreement over how many total.
500
Cumbersome and difficult to use measurement ________ can lead to inaccurate and unreliable measurements. A. Agreement B. Instruments C. Observers D. Rulers
B. Instruments
500
Which of the following is the most stringent method for calculating IOA for behaviors that occur at relatively high rates and obtained by interval recording? A. Total Count IOA B. Unscored-interval IOA C. Scored-interval IOA D. Mean Count-per-Interval IOA
B. Unscored-interval IOA When behaviors occur at relatively high rates it is suggested that unscored-interval methods of IOA calculation be conducted.
500
Observer reactivity
Measurement error resulting from an observer's awareness that others are evaluating the data
500
Trial-by-trial IOA
number of trials (items) agreement divided by total number of trials (items) x 100 see page 116 of Cooper
500
Unscored-interval IOA
Only those intervals in which either observer recorded the nonoccurrence of the behavior at looked at, and then a percentage is obtained by those with agreement over total.
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