Late Middle Ages People
French king during the conclusion of the Hundred Years’ War; officially, he had been disinherited by a previous treaty, but he ignored that and worked to get his throne back officially. He allowed a young French peasant girl to help the French army, and then he allowed her to be captured and tortured.
King Charles VII
Renaissance thinker who wrote “The Prince”; he admired ancient Romans’ patriotism and self-sacrifice and felt upset that his fellow Italians said they admired them also but were unwilling to imitate them
Machiavelli
Devoutly Catholic Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) during the early Reformation; tried repeatedly to suppress the growing Protestant movement; ALSO, whose son was he?
Charles V of the HRE/Charles I of Spain; son of Joanna the Mad
When was the printing press invented and why does it matter?
1455
Made it possible for people to access books (new ideas), including the Bible
Name 3 relevant facts about the Treaty of Troyes
Between England & France
1420
Disinherits the current Dauphin
proclaims Henry V the legitimate heir to the French throne, after current French king Charles VI.
One of the Avignon popes; the first pope to begin selling indulgence in 1343
Pope Clement VI
Italian despot in Milan; largely responsible for the French invasions of Italy during the Renaissance; wanting to crush his rival (Naples), he invited France to invade Naples…and the French then continued to invade other city-states throughout Italy
Ludovico "il Moro" Sforza
Name Henry VIII's 3 children in order
1. Mary
2. Elizabeth
3. Edward (VI)
When did the Western Roman Empire fall, and how did that impact Western Europe?
476; when Rome fell, it left a power vacuum that was filled by Northern invaders (Dark Ages) and, eventually, by the Church and monarchs
In 1 sentence: what was the Avignon papacy, how many popes were there, and what did it demonstrate about the relationship between Church and state?
Pope who issued the papal bull “Unam Sanctam” to remind kings (especially the French king) that royal power and monarchs are subject to the spiritual authority of the Church; he is eventually captured, beaten, and nearly executed by the French army.
Wealthy Florentine merchant during the Renaissance; came to power in 1434 by stabilizing Florence after the Ciompi Revolt; his family unofficially ruled Florence from 1434-1737
Cosimo de Medici
A 16th century indulgence preacher whose sale of a particular indulgence near the town of Wittenberg, Germany drew Martin Luther’s attention
John Tetzel
When was the Magna Carta signed and how did it impact England?
1215; English nobility forced King John to sign this, creating political balance in the English state, with monarchy intact but its powers limited. This helped England centralize more successfully.
Name two primary characteristics of the Renaissance
- civic humanism
- humanism
- surge of interest in classical antiquity
A young peasant girl from who believed God called her to help her country; she helped the French defeat the English at the end of the Hundred Years War before being captured and burned at the stake for heresy.
Joan of Arc
Spanish monarch married to Ferdinand of Aragon; together, they united Spain, forcefully Christianized Spain, and funded exploration of the Americas, which led to wealthy Spanish colonies in Mexico and Peru
Isabella of Castile
Protestant leader in Geneva, Switzerland; believed in pre-destination and the individual’s responsibility to re-make society according to God’s plan
John Calvin
When did Constantinople fall and what impact did that have on the Renaissance?
1453; it turbo charged the Renaissance b/c when scholars fled, they brought ancient manuscripts to the West
Name and describe 2 core beliefs of Protestantism
sola fide - belief that faith alone (not works) leads to salvation
sola scriptura - belief that scripture is the sole authority in faith and religion (not hierarchy or tradition)
priesthood of the believer - idea that every believer has the right and authority to read and interpret scripture
Often considered the first king of England; was the Duke of Normandy when he conquered England in 1066, and remained a vassal to the French king.
William the Conqueror
Inventor of the printing press in Western Europe
Johannes Gutenberg
Name the 2 people who were at the Marburg Colloquy, and the person who invited them there
Martin Luther and Zwingli; invited by Philip of Hesse
Black Plague & what percentage of the population it wipes out in Western Europe
1348
1/3 to 1/2 of the population
- 1555, An agreement in the HRE that allowed each ruler to determine the religion of their realm
- Catholicism and Lutheranism were the 2 allowed religions