drugs/hormones
why do we avoid targetting the proximal tubule when we want to lower blood pressure?
Since it would inhibit the ability to reabsorb glucose and amino acids.
this is the thing that will "tell you everything about pH"
Henderson-Hasselbach equation: pH= pKa +log [HCO3]/[CO2]
name all the groups of smooth muscle and the corresponding types
vascular, urinary, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, skin, ocular
skin and ocular and multi-unitary. reproductive can be either (in women).
so far so good.
what drug is prescribed for people with high blood pressure and how does it work? what other supplement should be prescribed?
what is metabolic alkalosis?
when HCO3 goes up and to compensate you need to increase amount of CO2 in your body. this can be done by ventilating less.
how does reproductive smooth muscle changes when a woman becomes pregnant?
before pregnancy: multi-unit
after: unitary
Baroreceptors along the carotid artery and aorta will stimulate...
cardiovascular effect: heart rate increase
brain (hypothalamus): thirst sensation
renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
what is metabolic acidosis?
when HCO3 goes down and compensate by also decreasing CO2. this is done by exercising and ventilating more
what is a unique feature of smooth muscle contraction that differentiates it from both skeletal and cardiac muscle?
there is no troponin
effects of the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide/ factor/ hormone
1) inhibits NKCC and so water reabsorption decreases and more water is excreted
2) vasodilation of afferent arteriole to decrease peripheral resistance. more water is pushed to the nephron because GFR increases
how is the concentration of HCO3 decreased to compensate for respiratory alkalosis?
inhibit the glutamine conversion into HCO3
inhibit the antiport transporter so no (indirect) reabsorption of HCO3
what are the similarities and differences between skeletal and smooth muscle.
difference: in smooth muscle calcium binds to calmodulin and activates MLCK which can then use ATP and raise myosin head to bind to actin.
pathway for RAAS --> what will happen if ACE production decreases?
non-functional ACE means that angiotension I cannot be converted into angiotensin II. lack of angiotensin II results in smaller amounts of ADH and aldosterone circulating in the blood. Lack of these hormones will mean more water will stay in the filtrate. more water in the filtrate means that blood pressure will be low.
explain what happens during respiratory acidosis.
carbon dioxide concentration in the body is increasing and so pH is too high
to compensate: have to raise HCO3. there are two mechanisms that help do this.
1) antiport transporter intakes Na+ and pushes proton into the lumen. proton then combines with the (filtered) HCO3 to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid). through a reaction with CA (carbonic anhydrase), H2CO3 splits into H2O and CO3. these molecules then enter the epithelial cell, where they form H2CO3 (again) using CA. this then dissociates into HCO3 and H. [note- CA is always on the membrane of the epithelial cell]
2) glutamine conversion into bicarbonate.
explain the entire process of smooth muscle relaxation.
to override the vasoconstriction of vessels (such as what happens when you exercise), nitric oxide is released by endothelial cells. nitric oxide comes into the cell and reacts with GTP to make cGMP which activates MLCP, decreases the calcium release from SR, decreases calcium influx from EF, and increases potassium permeability. MLCP will then de-phosphorylate MLCK and inactivate it.