Name the Rhythm
An asymptomatic patient’s ECG shows sinus rhythm with a constant PR interval of 0.24 seconds. Every atrial impulse conducts to the ventricles. No treatment is required.
What is first-degree AV block?
Office readings repeatedly fall below 130/80 mmHg, but home monitoring demonstrates persistent hypertension.
What is masked hypertension?
This triglyceride-rich lipoprotein delivers triglycerides to peripheral cells and becomes LDL after losing its triglyceride content.
What is VLDL?
Macrophages migrate beneath injured endothelium, ingest oxidized lipids, and become foam cells. Their accumulation produces this earliest atherosclerotic lesion.
What is a fatty streak?
Education, increased salt and fluid intake, compression stockings, and staged position changes do not control a patient’s orthostatic hypotension. This medicine is one of the initial medications listed in the lecture.
What is fludrocortisone?
A patient taking verapamil has progressive PR prolongation until an atrial impulse fails to produce a QRS complex. The abnormality most likely originates in the AV node.
What is Mobitz type I AV block?
A patient with hypertension has increased renal echogenicity and reduced cortical volume on ultrasound. The suspected condition is the most common identifiable cause of secondary hypertension.
What is renal parenchymal disease?
A patient’s total cholesterol rises without a major dietary change. Fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance identify the likely secondary cause.
What is hypothyroidism?
A patient with suspected chronic stable angina has a baseline ECG that is difficult to interpret. This diagnostic modality can reproduce ischemia, while additional echocardiography or MRI can localize the affected region.
What is stress testing?
A patient with known ASCVD remains above the LDL goal of 55–70 mg/dL despite maximally tolerated statin therapy. This medication should be added next.
What is ezetimibe?
Telemetry shows a sudden pause with no atrial or ventricular complexes. Unlike an SA exit block, the pause does not equal a predictable multiple of the patient’s baseline cycle length.
What is sinus node dysfunction presenting as sinus arrest?
A 67-year-old Black patient without another compelling indication needs initial antihypertensive therapy. The lecture identifies either of these two classes as preferred.
What is a calcium channel blocker or diuretic?
A patient’s ASCVD risk calculation leaves the decision about statin therapy uncertain. This objective imaging measurement can help reclassify the patient’s risk.
What is a coronary artery calcium score?
Before diagnostic ST elevation develops, the T-wave amplitude rises to more than two-thirds of the corresponding R-wave amplitude.
What are hyperacute T waves indicating sudden coronary occlusion?
A patient with hypertensive microangiopathy and acute end-organ injury requires IV therapy. Either of these two medications may be used while reducing pressure by no more than 25% during the first one to two hours.
What is labetalol or nicardipine?
A patient has no identifiable P waves and an irregularly irregular ventricular response. Symptoms began approximately three days ago, so imaging for a left atrial thrombus is required before cardioversion.
What is atrial fibrillation lasting longer than 48 hours?
After standing for three minutes, a patient’s pressure falls from 138/82 to 116/70 mmHg with dizziness and visual blurring. The drop reflects inadequate sympathetic vasoconstriction.
What is orthostatic hypotension?
This dietary pattern maintains approximately 35–40% of calories from fat but substitutes monounsaturated fat for saturated fat, lowering LDL without reducing HDL.
What is the Mediterranean diet?
This invasive test directly visualizes the coronary anatomy and is considered definitive for coronary artery disease.
What is cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography?
A hypotensive patient with an inferior-wall STEMI is preload dependent. IV nitrates, morphine, and calcium channel blockers require extreme caution, while this treatment can increase preload.
What are IV fluids?
A patient with severe pulmonary disease develops a narrow-complex tachycardia at 125 beats/minute. The ECG shows varying PR intervals and at least three distinct P-wave morphologies. Cardioversion would be ineffective.
What is multifocal atrial tachycardia?
A patient with tearing chest pain and asymmetric pulses has severe hypertension. The immediate targets are a systolic pressure below 120 mmHg within 30 minutes and a heart rate below 60 beats/minute.
How do you treat it?
What is acute aortic dissection treated with esmolol plus an IV vasodilator?
During funduscopic examination, the retinal vessels appear creamy because of an extreme elevation in circulating triglycerides.
What is lipemia retinalis?
A patient has persistent angina despite maximal medical therapy and greater than 50% left-main coronary stenosis. Balloon angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery should now be considered.
What is coronary revascularization?
A patient presents with an acute STEMI two hours after symptom onset but has a history of hemorrhagic stroke. This reperfusion strategy should be selected because the patient has an absolute contraindication to fibrinolysis.
What is primary percutaneous coronary intervention?