Heart Failure
This measurement is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.
Cardiac output
Which cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilation and reduced systolic function?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Name the three leaflets of the tricuspid valve.
Anterior, posterior, and septal.
Which pericardial layer is also called the epicardium?
Visceral pericardium
Which layer of the aortic wall provides the greatest strength?
Media
What is the most common benign primary cardiac tumor in adults?
Myxoma
What imaging modality is more sensitive for detecting vegetations?
TEE
Which syndrome is associated with apical displacement of the tricuspid valve?
Ebstein anomaly
Which phase of ventricular filling contributes the greatest percentage of LV filling in a normal heart?
Early rapid filling (E wave)
This echocardiographic finding is responsible for dynamic LVOT obstruction in HOCM.
Systolic anterior motion (SAM)
What measurement is calculated using the TR jet velocity and estimated right atrial pressure?
RVSP
Which chamber usually collapses first during cardiac tamponade?
RA
A Stanford Type A dissection involves which portion of the aorta?
Ascending Aorta
This valve tumor has a frond-like appearance and frequently arises on valve leaflets.
Papillary Fibroelastoma
Patients with infective endocarditis most commonly present with this clinical symptom.
Fever
The Ross procedure replaces the diseased aortic valve with what?
The patient's pulmonic valve
A patient has a normal ejection fraction but elevated filling pressures and impaired relaxation. Which heart failure classification best fits?
HFpEF
Which cardiomyopathy demonstrates apical sparing on strain imaging?
Cardiac amyloidosis
The most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is:
Functional (secondary) tricuspid regurgitation
Which Doppler inflow normally increases during inspiration?
TV inflow
Which congenital abnormality is commonly associated with coarctation of the aorta?
Bicuspid aortic valve
McConnell's sign is associated with what condition?
Acute pulmonary embolism
What is the most common finding infective endocarditis seen on echocardiography?
Vegetation
Which contrast agent indication is most appropriate?
Poor endocardial border definition / suspected LV thrombus
What echocardiographic method is considered the preferred 2D method for measuring left ventricular ejection fraction?
Simpson's Biplane Method of Disks
What maneuver is commonly performed during an echo to increase the LVOT gradient in HOCM?
Valsalva maneuver
Name two methods of assessing RV systolic function.
TAPSE, TDI S', RV FAC, RV free wall strain, RV 3D EF
This Tissue Doppler finding is characteristic of constrictive pericarditis.
Annulus Reversus
Blood entering the media of the aortic wall creates what pathology?
Aortic dissection
Patients with atrial fibrillation are at greatest risk for thrombus formation in what structure?
Left atrial appendage
An infection extends beyond the valve annulus into surrounding tissue. What complication has developed?
Perivalvular abscess
A patient has chronic hypertension. What geometric remodeling pattern is expected in the left ventricle?
Concentric hypertrophy
A patient has reduced contractility. What happens to end-systolic volume?
Increases
A CW Doppler tracing demonstrates a late-peaking, dagger-shaped envelope. What pathology is most likely present?
Dynamic LVOT obstruction (HOCM)
A patient has pulmonary hypertension and severe pulmonic insufficiency. What type of RV remodeling would you expect? (What is pathophysiology?)
RV pressure overload with dilation (or RV hypertrophy progressing to dilation)
What echocardiographic finding best differentiates constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Respiratory septal shift (septal bounce) with preserved/increased medial e′ (annulus reversus)
Describe one echocardiographic characteristic of the false lumen.
Larger lumen, slower flow, spontaneous echo contrast, delayed filling (any one)
Name one echocardiographic feature that helps distinguish a myxoma from a thrombus.
Pedunculated, attached to the interatrial septum (fossa ovalis), mobile (any one)
Name one major Duke Criterion.
Positive blood cultures or echocardiographic evidence of endocardial involvement
A patient has severe pulmonary hypertension, severe tricuspid regurgitation, RV enlargement, septal flattening, and a dilated pulmonary artery. What is the most likely overall diagnosis?
Advanced pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular pressure overload