1. Matter & Types of Substances
What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has mass
What do we call a horizontal row on the Periodic Table?
period
Are metals usually shiny or dull?
Shiny
What is the basic unit of life?
The cell
What is the main function of the digestive system?
Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
What are the two categories of pure substances?
Elements and compounds
What do element symbols usually start with?
A capital letter
Name a property of non-metals.
Poor conductor, brittle, dull, often gases
What organelle controls the cell’s activities and stores DNA?
The nucleus
What organ pumps blood in the circulatory system?
The heart
What is the difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture?
Homogeneous is uniform throughout; heterogeneous is not
Where are the noble gases found on the Periodic Table?
The far right column (Group 18)
What is a compound?
Substance made from two or more elements chemically bonded
How do animal and plant cells differ in structure?
Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuole; animal cells do not
What plant organ absorbs water and minerals from soil?
Roots
What do you call tiny particles that make up elements?
Atoms
What are transition metals?
Elements in the middle block (Groups 3-12); often used for tools/jewellery
Give the chemical formula and common name for table salt.
NaCl—sodium chloride
What is sexual reproduction?
Offspring produced by joining male and female gametes
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
Name two ways mixtures can be separated.
Filtration, evaporation (or sieving, distillation)
What is the Latin-derived symbol for sodium?
Na
Why does water (H₂O) have different properties from hydrogen and oxygen?
It's a compound; new properties arise from chemical bonding
What is cell specialisation?
Cells develop special structures/functions for their role
Which organisms perform cellular respiration?
Both animals and plants