Waves of Activism
Cooper et al. (2019) presented the fifth wave of activism as present day activism of Black athletes securing and transferring power via economic and technological capital.
What is false. Cooper et al. (2019) presented four waves of activism and not five.
When John Carlos and Tommie Smith raised their fists wearing black leather gloves on the podium at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, what type of activism is this?
What is symbolic activism.
Both San Jose State (in 1967) and University of Missouri (in 2015) football teams both used their athletic leverage to address systemic racism on their campuses.
What is true, both football teams used their athletic leverage to put demands and pressure their respective universities to address systemic racism, and if not addressed, football would not be played.
What is the first imperative for organizing a successful social movement?
What is a substantial and organically sustained pool of aggrieved plaintiffs seeking redress.
In Unforgivable Blackness, Jack Johnson was always deferential to White people and followed the societal racial etiquette expected of African American people in the early 1900s.
What is false, Johnson was not deferential to White people and did not follow racial etiquette expected of African American people in the early 1900s.
From Cooper et al. (2019), provide a definition for the third third wave of activism (the mid 1960s-1970s.
What type of activism is this example of Jerome Baker, a former Ohio State Football player galvanized a group of Ohio high school football players into signing a pledge denouncing violence against women and girls.
What is grassroots activism
Edwards argues that in the 1960s Black athletes on predominately white institutions (PWI) were providing free labor to enhance incomes of colleges.
What is true, Edwards discussed how Black athletes were providing free labor to enhance incomes of colleges.
University of Missouri grad student Jonathan Butler, who was on a hunger strike and met with the football team to explain what he was striking for would be considered which imperative.
What is the second imperative which is mentioned the aggrieved plaintiffs “collaborating [with] ‘outside’ interests.
The White newspaper press constructed this national narrative of needing "The Great White Hope" utilizing social drama in the coverage of Jack Johnson and his White opponents for nearly a decade.
What are two historically white controlled sporting events in the second wave of activism that Cooper et al. (2019) discusses?
What is baseball (Jackie Robinson breaking the color line in baseball in 1947) and tennis (Althea Gibson winning French Open and Wimbledon).
_____________ activism is the transmission of ideas by individuals and groups that enhance a person’s understanding of oppressive systems such as sport and mechanisms through which they can be deconstructed.
What is scholarly activism.
Edwards discusses Black athletes were regarded as "machines" to be used and disposed of when injured, and traded for a new "machine" when it's time to cast them aside.
What is true, Edwards discussed how Black athletes were exploited and used as machines, if an athlete can't perform/they're injured, they are cast aside for by the sporting institutions for a new machine.
How did the University of Missouri football team apply the third imperative which of threatening ‘establishment interest’ that makes the changes demanded more reasonable and appealing to the establishment in terms of cost-reward outcomes than maintaining the status quo".
What is the consequences that would’ve been brought upon the university had they been forced to forfeit their upcoming game and paid a fine of $1,000,000, and would’ve brought upon themselves a reputation of protecting a racist institutional structure.
What is false, Jeffries refused to shake hands/touch gloves with Jack Johnson before the "Battle of the Century" fight.
This athlete gained legitimacy in the first wave of activism in the boxing world.
Who is Jack Johnson.
Symbolic activism is deliberate actions exhibited by athletes designed to draw attention to social injustices and _________ positive change in political, educational, economic and social sectors.
What is inspire positive change.
Edwards discusses how the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and their institutions were running a ___________ of Black athlete exploitation in the revenue producing sports of basketball and football.
What is a plantation system.
What is the fourth imperative for organizing a successful social movement?
What is having substantively factual arguments and supporting ideological ‘scaffolding’ and ‘framing’ to successfully surmount and overcome two characteristically employed adversarial ‘ploys
What happened all across cities in the US after Jack Johnson's victory over Jim Jefrries?
What is acquiring political access and
positional diversity.
Rube Foster create businesses in historically disadvantaged communities with a keen focus on stimulating economic and social empowerment, stability and mobility when he created the Negro Leagues. What type of activism is this?
What is economic activism.
What is the "glaring omission" that Edwards discusses?
What are the stories and contributions of Black women that struggled for change in sports and also broader society.
How did the University of Missouri football team apply the fifth imperative of "vigorous 'push back' against tendencies toward definitional hegemony and retrenchment relative to compelled changes”?
What is the “vigorous push back” which was when the football team’s boycott, which challenged norms of athletes displaying their power through socioeconomic means rather than through symbolic means.
In Unforgivable Blackness, the idea of "the Great White Hope" was to keep White supremacist ideology alive with White people on top and Black people below in sports arena and broader society.
What is true, "the Great White Hope" was to keep White supremacist ideology alive with White people on top and Black people below in the sports arena and broader society.